The Theory Of Psychoanalysis On The Unconscious Phases Of...

The theory of Psychoanalysis In the early 1800s, Psychologist and researchers were fervent in postulating and hypothesizing. Searching earnestly for answers to the many questions that were prevalent in those days. The theory of Psychoanalysis was one of such theory that was founded. Psychoanalysis emphases on the unconscious phases of personality development. The main tenets of this theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important in life’s later development. Secondly, it declares that psychosexual stages are linked to major developmental needs and challenges. Thirdly, the theory of Psychoanalysis emphases put forth that, each phase can include conflicts. That how people†¦show more content†¦At an early time when the medical community did not believe in the use of psychological means in the treatment of mental illness, he showed that some cases of mental illness were psychological in origin and therefore could be treated by psycholo gical means like psychoanalysis. The most important period of the Freud s life is related to his self-analysis, discoveries from this period influenced his entire psychoanalytic work. This experimental Psychologist impacted medical science a great deal, (a community to which he belonged) especially in the area of Psychiatry and mental illness diagnosis and treatment. One of my favorite quote by Sir Sigmund Freud is, â€Å"Being entirely honest with oneself is a good exercise.† Sigmund Freud was Born in Přà ­bor, Czech Republic, in May of 1856 and later died on September 23, 1939, in Hampstead, United Kingdom, at the age of 83 years. The main tenets of the psychoanalysis theory are characterized into four subsections. Firstly, it states that early childhood experiences are important in life’s later development. Secondly, it declares that psychosexual stages are linked to major developmental needs and challenges. Thirdly, the theory of Psychoanalysis emphases put forth that, each phase can include conflicts. That how people experience and resolve conflicts determine their personality patterns later in life. Other psychologist worked to help move the ball forward with regards to the theory ofShow MoreRelated A Look Into Psychoanalysis Essay1469 Words   |  6 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Psychoanalysis had its beginning with the discovery that a person in complete physical health could experience an illness with physical symptoms that stemmed from things trapped in the subconscious known as hysteria. Charcot, a French neurologist tried to liberate the mind through hypnosis. A Viennese physician, Josef Breuer, carried this purging further with a process based on his patient, Anna O., revealing her thoughts and feelings to him. Sigmund Freud took Breuer’sRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Psychology1683 Words   |  7 Pagespsychoanalytic theory. According to The American Heritage, â€Å" Psychoanalysis is the theory of personality developed by Freud that focuses on repression and unconscious forces and includes the concepts of infantile sexuality, resistance, transference, and division of the psyche into the id, ego, and superego† (Houghton Mifflin, 2005). This theory has had such a big impact on psychology, that it is even practiced to day. Many other theories, have been developed from the basis of the psychoanalysis theory. TheRead MoreSigmund Freud: A Very Brief Biography1582 Words   |  7 Pages INTRO Sigmund Freud is considered one of the most influential figures in modern psychology. He is best known as the father of psychoanalysis. He developed several important theories of personality, including the theories of mind, the id, the ego, and the superego, life and death instincts, psychosexual development, and defense mechanisms. He also published many books that helped shape psychology into what it is today. EARLY LIFE Sigismund Schlomo Freud was born in Moravia, Czech RepublicRead More The Influence of Sigmund Freud on Society Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesSociety The late nineteenth century marked a number of radical developments on science, art, and philosophy. Although the lives of humans used to be constantly at the mercy of nature, during this time, humans began harnessing its power and eventually started controlling it. A sudden urge to look beyond the surface of things became widespread. Sigmund Freud looked beyond the effects of behavior and explored the unconscious. He significantly changed the way the world viewed behavior by explainingRead MorePsychology : Psychology And Psychology1018 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological schools represent the major theories of psychology. The first stream of well-founded thought this was structuralism was defended by Wilhelm Wundt. Immediately other theories began to emerge and compete for dominance in psychology. In the past, psychologists often identified exclusively with one school of thought, through time this has changed. Today, most psychologists have an eclectic vision of psychology. Often they based only on ideas and theories from different schools rather than searchRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychosexual Development1550 Words   |  7 Pagesthe father of psychoanalysis. In his life Freud was a medical doctor, psychologist, physiologist, and an influential thinker. Freud is most known for his in depth exploration of the human mind. In this paper I take an in depth look at the life Freud lived, all the way from when he was born to when he tragically died. I also take a look at multiple influential theories he created which led to many different breakthrough when it comes to the study of the mind. His most popular theory that involvesRead MoreThe Surface Represents The Consciousness Essay1029 Words   |  5 Pagesconduct. The unconscious mind acts as a storage of primitive wishes and motivation kept under control and arbitrated by the preconscious area. Sigmund Freud emphasized the significance of the unconscious mind, and an essential presumption of Freudian hypothesis which is the unconscious mind represents conduct to a more prominent degree than people had suspected. Certainly, the objective of psychoanalysis is to make the unconscious conscious. His psychoanalytic theory of personality challenges thatRead MoreFREUD’S PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY AND THE RECENT APPROACH Essay1738 Words   |  7 PagesThe psychodynamic theory has its own perspective, thus ranging us with numerous experimental findings and studies. According to Freud, the psychodynamic theory has developed from the psychosexual stages of an individual; in terms of normal development, at which, is a start at bi rth and throughout his adulthood. There are multiple factors structuring of human personality; and therefore, Freud had introduced us his theory in achieving it from the state of the unawareness. Ermann also focused on theRead MoreThe Human Person Is That It Needs Relationship For Its Existence1625 Words   |  7 Pagesconcept of the attachment theory. Bowlby was a psychoanalyst, so the paper also considers other significant individuals who have contributed to the psychoanalytic school in the history of psychology. Such individuals include Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, Klein, Ainsworth, Main, and Winnicott. In his book: Attachment and Loss, Bowlby (1969) stated: â€Å"For long, psychoanalysts have been at one in recognizing a child’s first human relationship as the foundation stone of his personality; but there is as yet noRead MoreSigmund Freud s Psychoanalysis Theory2380 Words   |  10 Pages Contemporaries of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis Theory Kevin Stout Florida Institute of Technology Abstract Sigmund Freud created psychoanalysis, a system through which an expert unloads oblivious clashes in light of the free affiliations, dreams and dreams of the patient. Psychoanalytic hypothesis is a strategy for exploring and treating identity issue and is utilized as a part of psychotherapy. Included in this hypothesis is the way to go that things that happen

Human Resource Development Of Samsung - 3667 Words

Executive summary: In order to conduct any business operation of the organization, human resources are the most important element. Human resource development is the study which includes the overall improvement of the human resources of the organization. Human resource development is very important part of the overall development of the whole organization. We conduct an assignment on Human Resource Development of Samsung. The assignment has four parts. The first part of the assignment indicates the understanding of the learning theories and learning styles. The second part of the report indicates how we are able to plan and design training and development. The third part of the report indicates how we are able to evaluate a training event.†¦show more content†¦Several learning styles are followed by the different organizations in the world. Individuals may differ from one another on the basis of how they learn and practice. The various comparisons of various learning styles s hown in human resource development program are given below: ïÆ'Ëœ Visual style: In human resource development program, visual learning is one of the common learning styles in the organization. People prefer to use pictures, symbols and even some colors for learning purpose in visual learning style. In visual learning process, the human resource managers are using some pictures, images in order to make clear understanding about how they behave in different situations. Various different colors are used in visual learning styles in order to highlight the main or important part of the learning event. ïÆ'Ëœ Intrapersonal styles: Intrapersonal learning style is another common learning style used in human resource development program. Sometimes people want to learn through self-study and do not prefer to work with others. In this style, people want to work alone and maintain self study. ïÆ'Ëœ Auditory-musical style: People want o learn by using some music and sounds in order to learn in auditory-musical learning style. ïÆ'Ëœ Interpersonal style: Sometimes people want to learn through group activities or by working with some people. This process is known as interpersonal style of learning. The group learning process is mainly indicated byShow MoreRelatedManagerial Accounting792 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironmental brand image. In it’s future vision , the company goes on supporting to produce more- eco-friendly, low-coal goods. In contrast, Samsung also tries to have an eco-value status and has made plans to achieve environmental sustainability [pic]. Environmental Sustainability Strategy As can be seen from the above five strategies, Samsung SDI could manage to include suppliers and customers in this chain. Customer Satisfaction Producing reliable productions is the basic principleRead MoreSamsung Electronics Company s Total Quality Management Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pages Synopsis / Executive Summary The purpose of this report is to explore Samsung electronics company through looking at total quality management including 4 factors which are lowering  costs(zero  defects), continuous improvement, employee involvement, and customer satisfaction as well. Total quality management (TQM) have played important roles in reinforcing corporate competitiveness within the company. Introduction In today’s global market, competition continues to get harder and it is becomingRead MoreBig Companies And Samsung Electronics Company998 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscriminatory institutions and practices. The all department of an organization like human resources, technology, marketing manufacturing, and design departments are now getting more and more importance as competitive resources than ever before. So far Samsung has used these resources very effectively. This is the reason where many management scholars and practitioners have been looking at big companies and Samsung Electronics Company as a successful case of the leading global company. The importantRead MoreIn Today’S World The Business Environment Is Rapidly Changing1484 Words   |  6 Pagesstrategy formulation and implementation, analysis and control. The organization chosen is Samsung in which the critical evaluation will be done in reference with the Porter’s five forces. Samsung was founded in 1969 in Korea, since then it is rapidly growing in the global information technology. The company has many home appliances as well as Laptops, Tablets and mobile phones in the technological world (samsung).According to (Schermerhorn, 2012) a good strategy can be crafted only by understandingRead MoreSamsung Electronics797 Words   |  4 PagesQ1. Samsung Electronics strategy has successfully achieved both low-cost advantages and differentiated products. Samsung is able to achieve and maintain its low cost position due to various factors. Samsung has always emphasized on process and production efficiency. The company places all its fab lines and RD facility at a single site, so that engineers from various departments can come together to resolve any process or design issues as soon as possible. Benefiting from the collocation, SamsungRead MoreSamsung Electronics Essay example852 Words   |  4 PagesSamsung Electronics case study The Samsung Electronics Company was the largest conglomerate in South Korea. The total net sales of the Samsung Group were $135 billion in 2004. It has 337 overseas operations in 58 countries. Electronic, finance, and trade and services were the three core sectors within the Samsung Group. Semiconductor products were classified into two different categories of chips, which are memory and logic. To focus on the global memory chip industryRead MoreCommunication Strategy1633 Words   |  7 PagesViknesh s/o vendasalam S873101z Assignment 1 D . Television set (Samsung) Mission and Strategies of Samsung â€Å" Welcome to Samsung, For over 70 years, Samsung has been dedicated to making a better world through diverse businesses that today span advanced technology, semiconductors, skyscraper and plant construction, petrochemicals, fashion, medicine, finance, hotels and more. Our flagship company, Samsung Electronics leads the global market in high tech electronics manufacturing and digitalRead MoreOrganizational Structure of Samsung Electronics1234 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Structure and Design Prepared By: Anuj Arora – 12FN019 Himika Chaudhary Nitin Mudgal Prateek Kumar – 12DM101 Sachin Gupta – 12FN107 Index 1.1 Introduction Samsung India Electronics Ltd is a subsidiary of Samsung Electronics Corporation headquartered in Seoul, Korea. The company was incorporated in the year 1995. The company is having their head office at Delhi and branch office at 16 locations all over the India. Their manufacturing facilities are located at Noida in UttarRead MoreSamsung Electronics Company Strategic Management System Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscriminatory institutions and practices. The human resources, technology, marketing and design departments are getting more and more importance as competitive resources. So far Samsung has used these resources very effectively. That is why management scholars have been looking at Samsung Electronics Company as a successful case of the leading global company. Chairman Lee declared the launch of New Management in Frankfurt in 1993. Since then Samsung has transformed itself from a mediocre manufactureRead MoreOrganizational And Social Responsibility Of Samsung1143 Words   |  5 Pageseffectively inside of an undeniably Resource Constrained Environment. Using Samsung as a case study and to apply our understanding to analyse and discuss the company’s approach to environmental and social responsibility. SAMSUNG/BACKGROUND Samsung started its first operation in 1983, as a small export business, selling dried fish, vegetables and noodles, and today Samsung has grown into some parts, Samsung Electronics, Ltd., is a part of Samsung Group, that has the world’s leading

Cassius Domino Effect free essay sample

Domino Effect The divine lightning that rules our lives has always made us both the protagonist and the victim. In William Shakespeare’s tragedy, Julius Caesar, he focuses on the actions and results in the play that occur in a domino effect, with characters that set forth events that lead to great suffering. In Julius Caesar, Cassius is the tragic figure who contributes to the vision of the conspirators as a whole, but through the â€Å"divine lighting,† matters could not be helped. Cassius’s personality leads to his, and many others, fatal downfall. Cassius’s is seen as the leader of the conspirators, the manipulative master behind the cruel plan. He, with many others, disdain Caesar for his arrogance, yet Cassius encompasses the same exact trait. His arrogance is shown in Act I, when he and Brutus are talking, and Cassius notices the unease in Brutus’ eyes when they believe Caesar is crowned. We will write a custom essay sample on Cassius Domino Effect or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He says, â€Å"I was born as free as Caesar,† (1. 2, 104). In this speech Cassius is trying to convey the idea that Brutus is as good as Caesar so that Brutus will be more inclined to join the conspiracy, but Cassius uses the first comparison of Caesar to explain that Caesar is no better than he. His cunning, manipulative nature bleeds through in his very first speech, his arrogance is clearly shown and his motives laid down. Cassius’ jealousy leads to his revulsion of Caesar. Only Caesar’s death being the answer to Cassius’ insecurities. The cunning manipulation Cassius practices affects everybody in the play. Cassius manipulation so purely spoken by Brutus when he proclaims, â€Å"What dangers would you lead me, Cassius/That you would have me seek into myself/ For that which is not in me? †(1. 2, 69-71). Brutus’ jealousy of Caesar had not yet progressed to the level of malevolence, but as Brutus said Cassius spurns him on selfishly to mold him into what benefits him the most. Brutus is troubled at first, unsure what to do, and his odd behavior aggravates Portia, causing her to grieve because of the knowledge she does not know. Once the conspiracy is revealed to her she becomes edgy, and the arrival of Octavius sends her into a fit of stress which ends with her swallowing â€Å"fire. † Caesar’s death is the main source of suffering, but Caesars anguish is not because of his death. His suffering is revealed in the moments before he dies, he utters the most memorable line in history, he cries, â€Å"Et tu Brute? † (3. 1, 85). This is the cause of Caesar’s complete death, the death of not just his body but of his trust. Caesar could handle the betrayal of the other senators, because that is politics, but the betrayal of someone he viewed as a friend, someone he loved, destroyed him. Antony’s speech, causing the most wide spread wave of despair, leads the Romans to exclaim, â€Å"O noble Caesar! / O woeful day! . . . We will be revenged,† (3. 2, 211-214). Their anger then leads to the suffering of many, even the innocent, as is exampled with the Poet Cinna’s death. The pristine control Cassius prides himself with, slips and turns Cassius into anything but the victor in this war of superiority. After Caesar’s death Brutus becomes the leading face of the conspirators, leaving Cassius without even the pride of that small feat. Brutus becomes the leading face of the conspirators so now Cassius cannot even pride himself with that. When Cassius and Brutus fight, thinking the other has deceived them, Cassius falters, â€Å"Cassius is aweary of the world—/ Hated by the ones he loves, braved by his brother/ . . . / Strike as thou didst at Caesar, for I know/ When thou didst hate him worst, thou I lovedst him better/ Than ever thou lovedst Cassius,† (4. , 106-119). Cassius jealousy still remains, despite Caesar’s death. The feeling of unworthiness still runs deep, he feels like he still can’t compare to Caesar and it is tearing him apart. In the end though, through another misunderstanding, Cassius believes that the battle has been lost and his close friend, Titinius has been captured, he exclaims, â€Å"O coward that I am to live so long/ To see my best friend ta’en before my face! † (5. 3, 36-37). Ironically as Caesar has lost his best friend so has Cassius, which leads to his conflicted death. In the end Cassius is the conductor of his own suffering. It was Frye who wisely proclaimed that the tragic heroes seem the inevitable conductors of power, yet they become the both the instrument and victim of the â€Å"divine lighting. † Cassius is seen as the leader of the conspirators leading him to contribute to the vision of the conspirators as a whole, but through his choices he causes the suffering of many including himself. Revenge is bittersweet.

Police Personality free essay sample

There are two types of personality trait designations that are used to describe police officers. The two types are the unique traits viewpoint, and socialization and experience viewpoint. Those who believe in the unique traits viewpoint are often referred to as predisposition personality traits. Also in this viewpoint, it insists that law enforcement attracts a certain type of individual to the job. Within this viewpoint, some of the traits included are authoritarianism, cynicism, racism, hostility, secretiveness, and loyalty. (Dantzker, 2003). These are the type of qualities that law enforcement agencies and security companies do not wish to have. The other viewpoint, socialization and experience, also known as occupational personality, suggests that these personality traits are developed through the socialization and experiences of policing. Both views can be persuasively argued. Unique Traits Normally becoming a police officer automatically makes an individual an authority figure, authoritarianism is a pertinent personal element. It is not difficult to believe that such an individual may possess authoritarian tendencies and wish to expand them by becoming a police officer. We will write a custom essay sample on Police Personality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To argue that the individual willing to wear a badge, gun, nightstick, and handcuffs and to be legally charged with the power to take away liberty, or in some instances life, does not have some degree of an authoritarian characteristic before entering law enforcement seems foolish. (Dantzker, 2003) Socialization and Experience Although the data remain limited, existing evidence argues that identified personality traits such as cynicism, racism, and hostility are the result of the policing experience. Some individuals even suggest that the socialization process begins before the person actually becomes a police officer. In either view, the authoritarian trait, if preexistent, is reinforced through the police experience. When the police officer puts on a badge and gun, that sense of authority is enhanced many times over. There is no doubt an intimidation factor in the policing role allows the authoritative characteristic to grow. It has been argued that authoritarianism and cynicism are pertinent parts of the police personality. As for being preexistent, the authoritarianism is generally acceptable, but the cynicism is not. (Dantzker, 2003) Conclusion It appears that certain personality traits do exist among police officers. Studies have been contradictory in determining whether these traits preexist or become part of the officer through socialization. (Dantzker, 2003) I believe that both traits are common. I feel that each individual has unique traits that we are brought up with. I also think that as we grow up and develop we continue to adjust those traits which we have learned. I do not agree/disagree with one or the other. However, I do strongly believe that depending on which career we may choose those traits can change with socialization and experience. The only thing is that, â€Å"What may set the cop apart from the civilian is his opportunity to actualize his unconscious wishes through the reality of his job, an opportunity few civilians may have†. Whether a police personality type is preexisting or developed, an important element of the officer’s personality is his or her attitude.

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Roberts

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Roberts A patronymic surname translating to son of Robert, from the Welsh given name Robert, meaning bright fame. The surname is derived from the Germanic elements hrod meaning fame and beraht meaning bright. The origin of the name Roberts is  Welsh and  German and is the 45th most popular surname in the United States as well as the sixth most common surname in Wales. Quick Facts The nickname for Robert is typically Bob or Bobby while the feminine form is often Roberta or Bobbi.The Normans historically introduced the surname Roberts to Britain allowing it to be popular in places like England, Wales and Ireland.Roberts can also be attributed to the Italian root connected to Rupert and is connected to Flanders by the names Rops and Rubbens.The popular fictional character and childrens toy doll, Barbie, is also known by her full name as Barbara Millicent Roberts. Alternate Surname Spellings RobertRobartsRobinsRobartRopartzRobbertsRopertRuppert Famous People Julia Roberts:  American actress popular for films Pretty Woman, Steel Magnolias, and Erin Brockovich. She is one of the highest-paid actors in Hollywood.Rick Ross:  His real name is William Leonard Roberts II. Rick Ross is a rapper and label boss who was first signed to P. Diddys Ciroc Entertainment.Doris Roberts:  Famous television actress known for her role in the popular series Everbody Loves Raymond. She had also been on Desperate Housewives, Greys Anatomy and other TV shows. Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Roberts Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Roberts surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Roberts query.FamilySearch - Roberts GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Roberts surname and its variations.Roberts Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Roberts surname.Cousin Connect - Roberts Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Roberts, and sign up for free notification when new Roberts queries are added.DistantCousin.com - Roberts Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Roberts. Check out the resource First Name Meanings to discover the meaning of a given name.  Suggest a surname  be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings and Origins if you are unable to find your last name listed. Source Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

The History and Invention of Peanut Butter

The History and Invention of Peanut Butter It’s one of the country’s favorite things to spread over bread. We dip celery sticks in it. It’s often baked into cookies and countless deserts. I’m talking about peanut butter and as a whole Americans consume tons of the pulverized pea about a billion pounds worth each year. That’s roughly $800 spent annually and  a booming increase from the roughly two million  pounds produced at the turn of the 20th century. Peanuts were first cultivated as food in South America and natives in the region began turning them into grounded up paste roughly 3,000 years ago. The kind of peanut butter that the Incas and Aztecs made was of course much different from the manufactured stuff sold in grocery stores today. The more modern story of peanut butter actually began towards the end of the 19th century, not too long after farmers began mass commercializing the crop that was suddenly in demand after the civil war. A Nutty Controversy So who invented peanut butter? Its hard to say. In fact, there appears to be some disagreement among food historians over who deserves the honor. One historian, Eleanor Rosakranse, says a woman from New York named Rose Davis started making peanut butter as early as the 1840’s after her son reported seeing women in Cuba grinding peanuts into a pulp and smearing it onto bread.      Ã‚   Then there are some who think the credit should go to Marcellus Gilmore Edson, a Canadian chemist who in 1884 filed and was granted the first patent in the United States for what he called â€Å"peanut-candy.† Conceived as a kind of flavoring paste, the process described running roasted peanuts through a heated mill to produce a fluid or semi-fluid byproduct that cools into a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment. However, there wasn’t any indication that Edson made or sold peanut butter as a commercial product. A case can also be made for a St. Louis businessman named George A. Bayle, who began packaging and selling peanut butter through his food manufacturing company. It’s believed that the idea was born out of a collaboration with a doctor who had been seeking a way for his patients who were unable to chew meat to ingest protein. Bayle also ran advertisements in the early 1920’s proclaiming his company to be the â€Å"Original Manufacturers of Peanut Butter.† Cans of Bayle’s Peanut Butter came with labels touting this claim as well. Dr. John Harvey Kellogg It isn’t difficult to find those who dispute this claim as many have argued that the honor should go to none other than the influential Seventh-day Adventist Dr. John Harvey Kellogg. Indeed, the National Peanut Board states that Kellogg received a patent in 1896 for a technique he developed for making peanut butter. There’s also an 1897 advertisement for Kellogg’s Sanitas company Nut Butters that pre-dates all other competitors. More importantly, though, Kellogg was a tireless promoter of peanut butter. He travelled extensively throughout the country giving lectures on its benefits of to health. Kellogg even served peanut butter to his patients at the Battle Creek Sanitarium, a health resort with treatment programs supported by the Seventh-day Adventist church. The one big knock on Kellogg’s claim as the father of modern day peanut butter is that his disastrous decision to switch from roasted nuts to steamed nuts resulted in a product that barely resembled the ubiquitous jarred goodness found on store shelves today. Kellogg also  in an indirect way played a part in the production of peanut butter reaching a mass scale. John Lambert, an employee of Kellogg’s who was involved in the nut butter business, eventually left in 1896 and founded a company to develop and manufacture industrial strength peanut-grinding machines. He would soon have competition as another machine manufacturer, Ambrose Straub, was granted a patent for one of the earliest peanut butter machines in 1903. The machines made the process easier as making peanut butter had been quite tedious. Peanuts were first grounded using a mortar and pestle before being put through a meat grinder. Even then, it was hard to achieve the desired consistency.    Peanut Butter Goes Global In 1904, peanut butter was introduced to the wider public at the World’s Fair in St. Louis. According to the book â€Å"Creamy and Crunchy: An Informal History of Peanut Butter, the All-American Food,† a concessionaire named C.H. Sumner was the only vendor to sell peanut butter. Using one of Ambrose Straub’s peanut butter machines, Sumner sold $705.11 worth of peanut butter. That same year, the Beech-Nut Packing Company became the first nationwide brand to market peanut butter and continued to distribute the product until 1956. Other notable early brands to follow suit were the Heinz company, which entered the market in 1909 and the Krema Nut Company, an Ohio-based operation that survives to this day as the world’s oldest peanut butter company. Soon more and more companies would start selling peanut butter as a disastrous mass invasion of boll weevils ravaged the south, destroying much of cotton crop yields that had long been a staple of the region’s farmers. Thus the food industry’s growing interest in peanut was fueled in part by many farmers turning to peanuts as a replacement. Even as demand for peanut butter grew, it was primarily being sold as a regional product. In fact, Krema founder Benton Black once proudly boasted â€Å"I refuse to sell outside Ohio.† While it may sound today like a bad way of doing business, it made sense at the time as grounded peanut butter was unstable and best distributed locally. The problem was that, as the oil separated from the peanut butter solids, it would rise to the top and quickly spoil with exposure to light and oxygen.                All that changed in the 1920’s when a businessman named Joseph Rosefield patented a process called â€Å"Peanut butter and process of manufacturing the same,† which describes how hydrogenation of peanut oil can be used to keep the peanut butter from coming apart. Rosefield began licensing the patent to food  companies  before he decided to go off on his own and launch his own brand. Rosefields Skippy peanut butter, along with Peter Pan and Jif, would go on to become the most successful and recognizable names in the business.

Tesco in Indonesia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tesco in Indonesia - Essay Example 1). Due to their nature of co-operation and the willingness to share, competition is not very common, as it is viewed as a practice that benefits oneself. Nevertheless, business is evident in Indonesia with competitive industries from within and foreign; however, the government of Indonesia is very keen on how businesses operate such that, laws that ensure fair competition have been put in place. For instance, Law number 5 prohibits monopolistic practices and unfair business competition. The objectives of Indonesia competitive law include safeguarding the interests of the public by improving the economic efficiency. Secondly, it is geared towards creating a conducive business climate by ensuring fair business competition. Thirdly, the law prevents monopolistic practices, which may lead to unfair business practices, and finally, it ensures effectiveness and efficiency in business operations. In addition, Indonesia gives room from foreign businesses to operate in their country, as long as they abide to the rules and regulations governing business practices (Act number 5, p1). Historical background of Tesco Tesco started its operations in 1919, when its owner Jack Cohen started selling groceries in a stall, which was located in London, with only a ?1 on the first day. In 1924, Tesco become a brand after acquiring tea shipment and in 1930, Mr. Cohen built a warehouse in North London declaring Tesco a private company. Over the years, it bought rival shops, and by the 60s, the supermarket was already selling a variety of products. Tesco entered Guinness book of records as the largest store in Europe, and in the 70’s, Tesco had opened a petrol station, which was an independent retailer. In the 90’s, Tesco had already completed several takeovers, while in 1996, it introduced a 24-hour store (The telegraph Para. 10). Today, Tesco has grown to a giant supermarket, and it is visible globally. Its diversification is evident in the United States, Indonesia, La tin America, china, Scotland, china, Norway, Middle East and Mexico. In addition, Tesco is committed to corporate social responsibility such as charities for schools and communities. The company has incorporated technology and it encourages online shopping. In addition, the supermarket offers a range of products to meet the customer’s needs. Business culture and social preferences of Indonesia To operate successfully in Indonesia, a corporate requires understanding the business culture and laws governing businesses this country. Therefore, establishing of relationships is necessary; however, it takes time. Loyalty and trustworthiness are a necessity in maintaining a relationship, especially with the government officials. In this country, men are considered mature if they are over the age of 40 years; therefore, a foreign country may consider sending older executives rather than the young ones, especially in negotiations (Doing Business in Indonesia, p112). In addition, busine sses in Indonesia are required to develop their surrounding community; therefore, corporate social responsibility is encouraged. Firms are encouraged to recruit carefully for their positions, as unsatisfactory performance is not regarded enough reason to lay off an employee. Dismissal for misconduct is effective only after three warnings. Developing strong relationships with

Screening journals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Screening journals - Essay Example The song itself has an overall feel of R&B mixed with hip-hop or electronic dance due to the low vocal ranges of the song, the use of a hook and repetitive melody and lyrics, which are not usually heard from songs by Beyoncà ©. However, despite the R&B shell of the song, it delivers a strong, feminist message based on the cultural background of people of color, namely Beyoncà © and featured artist Chimamanda Ngozi Adicihe and their cultural backgrounds as female African-Americans in modern US society. Such ideas are exemplified by the melodic lyrics â€Å"I took some time to live my life/ But don’t think I’m just his little wife† sung by Beyoncà © and a section of the spoken lines by Adicihe: â€Å"But why do we teach girls to aspire to marriage/ And we don’t teach boys the same?†(Knowles, 2013). Based on the context, the lyrics contain the message that female African-Americans are only taught of such things and not allowed to have and live their own aspirations, ideas that are strongly-questioned in the song and are subjects of criticism as well. The video may seem confusing for some due to the combination of new and old elements, with the beginning and endings showing an old talent show clip and the song itself showing a dance club where Beyoncà © dances along with other people, as well as the inclusion of lyrics within the music video itself. However, despite seemingly-contradictory elements of the song, the opening and ending parts of the video are able to convey the message of needs for equality and feminism clearly, as it was seen in the last part that the male Caucasian-American group won by a star over the African-American female group, suggesting the societal bias against races considered to be the minority. These components can be observed and understood fully by viewers if they viewed the video from start to finish, and as such all elements (lyrics, vocal, visuals) are needed to convey

Dance script Essay Example for Free

Dance script Essay Dance is something that everyone knows about, but not many people understand. As an avid dancer and competitor for over ten years, I’ve learned to embrace the many forms of dancing in this world. It’s hard to put a single definition on dance – ‘it is graceful, it is feminine’ – because there are just too many types of dancing, each with a unique style. What I can say right now, is that dance is a discipline that requires immense control of the body to accurately communicate the intent of the dance, but it is also flexible enough to allow individual emotions and personalities to shine through. Today, I would like to explore with you four very different types of dance: ballet, Chinese, ballroom, and hip hop. 1 Ballet is an art form that originated in the 15th century during the Renaissance. As you can see from the picture, the ballerina wears pointe shoes – basically regular ballet shoes (hold shoe) with a box on top. The ballet shoe is usually made of satin or regular cloth, is sometimes covered with leather on top, and has leather soles for good traction. The ballerina also wears the tutu, which used to be heavily adorned (and therefore very heavy), but designs have been simplified and streamlined as much as possible to give the feeling of weightlessness. An important component of ballet is the line. Just as in math, lines go on forever, ballet enforces the concept of line both in the hands, in the legs (hence the importance of pointing), and in the combination of the two. People traditionally think that ballet is an exclusively female art form, but through the years, men have been able to add a combination of gymnastics and other stunts to make it a dramatic experience. 2 Chinese dance is something that I find very hard to pinpoint with one description – as you may know, China’s history huge, and there are many different types of Chinese dance from the different Chinese regions. One thing I can confidently say is dancing with props is common. In this picture, the girl dances with ribbons that are usually over ten feet long for each arm; in the next picture, a Mongolian dance, the dancers dance with real porcelain bowls and often with cups (like these), and chopsticks; in this picture, a Dun Huang dance, though the dancers are empty handed right now, it is very common for them to pick up a flute or another type of Chinese musical instrument. Another thing that is emphasized in Chinese dance is femininity. While in ballet, the chin is always up, the body extended to the most extent, in Chinese dance, the chin is usually tucked to symbolize a sense of shyness. That’s not to say that Chinese dance is not as dynamic as other types of dance†¦maybe another short clip may help? 3 Ballroom is honestly one of my favorite types of dances, and today, I’ll be talking about Latin dance specifically. Latin dances are made up of samba, rumba, chacha, jive, and pase doble. The difference between the dance styles is the emphasized beat, (give example), and therefore, its rhythm. One of the biggest differences between ballroom and other forms of dances is its emphasis on hip motion, how the hip controls the leg action, and vice versa. Also important is the process through which the weight is transferred between feet – vertically or horizontally. Speed and sharpness are factors that are crucial to being a good ballroom dancer, and part of the agility comes from the interaction between the partners. Resistance from the male (not even a push), signifies changing direction, lowering the hand preps for a turn, and such. Costumes are generally tight and minimal, but usually decorated with sequins and tassels, to make sharp turns more noticeable. 4 Finally, hip hop is a form of dance that originated on the streets of cities, and is closely connected to breakdancing. For many dancers, shoewear only includes sneakers, but more professional dancers often use danzsneakers, which provide good ankle support, arch support, and a flat top for toe stands. Hip hop often focuses on bodily isolations and gymnastic feats – backflipping is common. Mostly, hip hop conveys a sense of attitude and independence. It’s a very new art form in comparison to the others, and we are yet to see where it will take us. 5 So we’ve talked about four different types of dance – ballet, Chinese, ballroom, and hip hop. But keep in mind that there are so many more – jazz, modern, lyrics, just to name a few. Next time you see a dancer, don’t immediately dismiss their art as just a girl sport, but realize that it is a discipline that takes an entire lifetime of practice and training to reach a grace and flexibility unparalleled in most other sports. Perhaps you may want to try dance yourself†¦I’m sure it will be a life changing experience.

Exploring Psychological Explanations of Criminal Behaviour Essay

It has been long the interest of psychologists in understanding the factors that determine psychopathy (Skeem et al., 2011). Family factors, whether they being genetic or environmental, have always been classified preponderant in the development of psychopathy (Millon et al., 2002, cited in Hildebrand, 2004). Researchers have looked and established that psychopaths are at a higher risk to be violent offenders than normal population (Theodorakis, 2013). Likewise, researchers have demonstrated that among family factors, a large number of children in the family was the strongest predictor of offending (Farrington et al., 2006). This study aims to explore whether a large family size is a contributing factor to the development of psychopathy and offending. 1.1 The research problem A review of literature shows that there is very little research and evidence as regards to the correlation between large family size and psychopathy (Farrington et al., 2006). Thus, the research problem is to investigate the extent large family size impacts the development of psychopathy. 1.2 The purpose of the study The purpose of the study is to determine whether family size, previously acknowledged having an effect on delinquency, likewise exerts an impact on the development of psychopathy. There is very little and very limited research that speaks to this theory, thereafter the conduction of this study will allow to further people’s understanding of the causes or what triggers psychopathy and violent offending and what can be done to prevent it. 1.3 The objectives of the study Taking into account the above reasoning, three research hypotheses were formulated. Hypothesis 1: There will be a significant positive relationship between ... ..., C.J., Lilienfeld, S.O. (2011). Psychopathic Personality: Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Evidence and Public Policy.Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 12 (3) 95-162. doi: 10.1177/1529100611426706 http://pspi.sagepub.com. - Theodorakis, N. (2013). Psychopathy and its relationship to criminal behaviour . IALS Student Law Review. 1 (1) 47-56. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/u1273529/Downloads/1705-2277-1-PB%20(1).pdf. - Tibbetts, S. G. and Gilbert, T. D. , 2006-11-01 "The Effects of Family Size on the Development of Delinquency" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology (ASC), Los Angeles Convention Center, Los Angeles, CA . 2013-12-16 from http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p124920_index.html - Wadsworth, M. (1979). Roots of Delinquency: Infancy, Adolescence and Crime. Oxford: Martin Robertson.

In what ways does Shakespeare make the opening scenes of Macbeth dramatic? Essay

The play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare is skilfully structured to engage an audience’s interest through effective techniques in the opening scenes. These are the use of setting, characterisation, language and the structure of the play. The setting is cleverly used to create the appropriate atmosphere to the scene and plays on the 17th century expectations and assumptions of weather. The characters introduced in the opening scenes are captivating, Shakespeare’s use of rhyme, rhythm, repetition and dialogue help establish this. The play’s structure in the scenes and character’s dialogue create an engaging and inquiring effect, helping to make the opening scenes of Macbeth captivate the audience’s interest. The setting in the opening scenes is crafted to create a dramatic effect through the place its set in and the weather used. In act one, scene one, the stage directions are given as â€Å"An open place†¦Thunder and lightening. Enter three witches.† This is quite significant, especially in the 17th century, as in those superstitious times it was believed that storms were representative of and released forces of evil. The audience is already informed that it’s a spooky and eerie atmosphere and are then intrigued as to what frightening or supernatural event might follow. A stormy setting is used prior to the witches’ entrance in both scene one and three, which acts as an effective prelude to a sinister and immoral mood. Act one, scene three’s stage description â€Å"A heath†¦thunder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is not only using pathetic fallacy to set the evil and unsettled tone, but also landscape. A heath can be described as wasteland overgrown with shrubs, uncultivated. This uncared for and abandoned environment reflects that the witches are socially unacceptable and rejected, emphasising and reminding the audience how ill-favoured and god-awful these witches are. This provokes the audience’s curiosity as they’re ‘sheltered’ or not used to seeing this kind of living, and shows the dramatic impact Shakespeare crafts through setting. Another technique used to maintain interest and stimulate inquisitiveness is the structure of the opening scenes. Shakespeare purposely organises the order in which the characters are introduced and limits the storyline revealed to the audience to captivate them. The first scene with the witches mentions their plans involving Macbeth. â€Å"There to meet with Macbeth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and as the character of Macbeth hasn’t yet made an entrance, the audience indecisively creates an image of doom around him, as his name is associated with the witches. However, scene two sets up a more assuring perception of Macbeth. The Captain praises his name and noble actions to King Duncan, â€Å"For brave Macbeth†¦disdaining fortune, with his brandished steel†, this follow through scene leaves the audience assured, but having the preceding thought of Macbeth being doomed creates curiosity in the audience. Having been introduced to two completely contrasting personas of Macbeth, the audience wants to know whether he will turn out to continue being noble or change to being evil. In scene three Macbeth meets with the witches, as they’d predicted at the beginning of the play. They then foretell Macbeth’s destiny as becoming Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor and then King, â€Å"All hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of Glamis!†¦Thane of Cawdor!†¦that shalt be King hereafter!† In sequence, Macbeth is informed that he’s now Thane of Cawdor. â€Å"And for an earnest of a greater honour†¦call thee Thane of Cawdor.† The audience is now aware that the witches’ predictions have been proven correct. Macbeth is also now aware of this, and a curious seed of greed has been planted into his mind. This is where he then starts brooding on thoughts of becoming King, and what he might have to do to achieve this, â€Å"†¦My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Aside to the audience, Macbeth is explaining his thoughts of killing Duncan, in order to be King. This creates a lot of interest amongst the audience as Macbeth was described as being a noble, respectable and courageous man prior to his soliloquy, yet now after the witches’ prediction has come true, Macbeth is falling into the witches hands- favouring their other prediction of him becoming King. This order of events is effective in the way that intrigue is raised as to whether Macbeth will become King or not. Structure is not only used in the scenes, but also in the dialogue to build up an alluring and tense effect. In scene two the Captain has been delivering victorious news about a battle Macbeth had led to triumph. In sequel he begins â€Å"†¦whence comfort seemed to come, discomfort swells.† The Captain raises Duncan’s expectations of defeat by using ‘comfort’ and ‘discomfort’ as contrasting words. Duncan now assumes an unsuccessful loss, as well as the audience, â€Å"Dismayed not this our captains, Macbeth and Banquo?† However the Captain continues to announce Macbeth’s second victory, â€Å"†¦As cannons overcharged†¦strokes upon the foe.† His order of dialogue, by preparing Duncan for loss, effectively emphasises the victorious event of Macbeth’s second triumph in battle. So Shakespeare’s use of structure in scenes and dialogue contribute to making the opening scenes of Macbeth dramatic. Setting and structure in the opening scenes are used effectively to engage the audience’s interest. Furthermore the characters and language Shakespeare constructs are the utmost intriguing, completing the dramatic tone in the opening scenes of Macbeth. In act one, scene one the witches’ dialogue is in rhyme and rhythm, â€Å"When shall we three meet again In thunder, lightening, or in rain?† This gives it a sense of chanting and makes it spell-like, emphasising the supernatural characterisation of them. Another example of the witches speaking in rhyming couplets is in scene 3, â€Å"But in a sieve I’ll thither sail, and like a rat without a tail†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This habit is not only spell-like, but it also separates the witches from the other characters in the play, accentuating the fact that they’re evil and opposing to the natural ways of humanity. The three witches also take it in turns to speak, completing and answering each other’s speech. This pattern and unity suggests that they act together like one, almost as if they’re representing an inverse of the holy trinity. This underlying image of them is significant in the way of reversing the ‘natural order’ that God had originally set up- again opposing to the natural ways of humanity. This is also shown through a spell they chant together in scene one, â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair†. They believe everything evil is good, contradicting what the society they live in believes- that everything evil is bad and sinful. Another habit of the witches’ speech is repetition of threes. In scene three witch 1 is discussing taking revenge on a woman’s husband, as she’d not given her chestnuts, â€Å"†¦and munched, and munched, and munched†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Aroint thee witch,’†¦I’ll do, I’ll do, and I’ll do.† The woman tells the witch to get lost, ‘aroint’, and this angers the witch to take revenge, ‘I’ll do’. To speak words or phrases in triplets really states how powerful or magical they are as in Shakespeare’s time the number 3, and multiples of 3, were regarded as magic numbers. The witches cite triplets and magic numbers a number of times in the opening scenes, â€Å"†¦nine times nine†¦thrice to thine, and thrice to mine, and thrice again, to make up nine.† So in addition to speaking in rhyming couplets and rhythm, Shakespeare uses society’s superstition to enhance the witches’ dark and forbidden characterisation. In addition to these unusual ways of speaking, the witches are portrayed to be physically unappealing. Banquo’s first impression was dismayed and confused, â€Å"What are these, so withered, and so wild in their attire†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He describes how unattractive and degraded they appear, â€Å"†¦look not like th’ inhabitants o’ th’ earth†¦Live you, or are you aught that man may question?† Banquo is suggesting that they look nothing like humans, and is hesitant to ask if they are as he fears they’re evil spirits. This really exemplifies the witches’ characteristics to be spooky, eerie and devious. This would be more so appealing to an Elizabethan audience as they’d been sheltered and kept away from anything dark and sinful. Being able to witness these strange characters on stage would be extremely interesting. By constructing the witches to be physically unattractive enhances the intrigue, as they’re even more u nfamiliar and ‘different’. This helps to capture the audience’s intrigue and make the opening scenes dramatic. As well as the witches, Macbeth is set up to be a very interesting character successfully captivating the audience in the opening scenes. As discussed in the structure of the play, Macbeth is portrayed to be a very loyal, courageous and noble man. To depict these qualities, Shakespeare uses descriptive language which is very effective, especially when the Captain compares Macbeth to Macdonwald, â€Å"†¦multiplying villainies of nature do swarm upon him [Macdonwald]†¦like a rebel’s whore† Using a harsh and sinful tone about Macdonwald sets up a great contrast against Macbeth, â€Å"For brave Macbeth†¦ with his brandished steel, which smoked with bloody execution, like valour’s minion carved out his passage†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Captain’s description of Macbeth not only seems incredibly worthy compared to Macdonwald, but also mighty and potent due to using bold words such as ‘brandished’, ‘smoked’ and ‘carved’. The Captain also glorifies Macbeth through the use of irony. As in the discussion on the play’s structure, the Captain had prepared Duncan for bad news only to praise Macbeth’s second victory. He says the second attack dismayed Macbeth and Banquo as much â€Å"As sparrows [dismayed] eagles, or the hare [dismayed] the lion.† Macbeth is being described as an eagle or lion that prey upon the sparrows and the hare, which represent the King of Norway- the second opposition. Eagles and lions are very majestic animals in the animal kingdom, giving Macbeth a high authority and status. The dialogue is kept very enthralling through different techniques. Assonance keeps the pace quick and poetic to listen to, â€Å"†¦doubly redoubled strokes upon†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Some of the similes used are very effective â€Å"As cannons overcharged with double cracks†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Captain is describing the power and conquest Macbeth has over the King of Norway, ‘overcharged with double cracks’ creates a very powerful image as it’s described to be immoderate- more than enough. Another technique common in the character’s dialogue is the use of metaphors. Again when the Captain is lauding Macbeth, he refers to him as â€Å"Bellona’s bridegroom†. This trope instantly gives Macbeth a high status and supremacy as it’s referring to him as Mars, the god of war, who was wedded to Bellona. All these high praises have set up the audience’s perception of Macbeth to be very valiant, and this makes his developing characterisation to be intriguing because the audience wants to see if he can be both n oble and associated with the witches. Even though Macbeth’s persona is portrayed to be noble, his righteous ways are uncertain when the audience meets him which hooks the audience. His first words in his first entrance mimic the witches’ in scene one, â€Å"So foul and fair a day†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Although Macbeth is presumably referring to the bad weather yet satisfying victories, this echo of ‘foul and fair’ suggests that Macbeth is sub-consciously crossing over to the evil ways and beliefs of the witches. It could also be suggesting that even though Macbeth isn’t aware, the witches are already in control of him. Either way, the echo of ‘foul and fair’ underlies a connection to the witches and their evil characteristics. This possibility of Macbeth being villainous only increases after the witches’ prediction of him becoming thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth then obsesses with the idea of becoming King and tries to evaluate this occurrence, questioning whether the wi tches only let this come true to gain his trust so they can betray him. â€Å"If ill, why hath it given me earnest of success, Commencing in a truth? I am Thane of Cawdor.† Macbeth questions why these predictions might be bad if it has made him successful as a Thane. â€Å"If good, why do I yield to that suggestion†¦Ã¢â‚¬  By suggestion, Macbeth means the thought of him killing Duncan to be King, â€Å"†¦my thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As he’s in this state of confusion, it intrigues the audience to think whether Macbeth will turn evil or stay true to his virtues. In the end of his deliberation, he decides to let destiny take its place without his interference, â€Å"†¦chance will have me King†¦without my stir† This lessens the tension of the audience until noble Macbeth hears that Duncan is naming his son future King. â€Å"We will establish our estate upon our eldest, Malcolm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Despite Macbeth originally deciding to let destiny take place, he instantly sees Malcolm as an obstacle to becoming King, â€Å"The Prince of Cumberland-that is a step, On which I must fall down, or else o’erleap, For in my way it lies.† His obsessing ambition now makes him consciously think evil deeds. â€Å"†¦Stars hide your fires, Let not light see my black and deep desires.† By referring to his thoughts as ‘desires’, it’s evidently showing that Macbeth is crossing over to the witches ‘side’- believing in what they believe. The other characters are unaware of this; it’s only Macbeth and the audience who know. This makes the development of the play enthralling to the audience, as they want to know how the other characters fall into Macbeth’s other persona, his dark side. He continues his obsession, describing how awful his thoughts are. â€Å"The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be, Which the eye fears when it is done to see.† Macbeth’s saying ‘the eye’, any witnesses, should be blind to what he’s about to do (in thought) as, if anyone’s exposed to what he’s done they’ll be in fear. Alternatively, Macbeth could be suggesting that his eyes should be blind to what his hands are doing (his actions) as if he let’s both his personas clash (his noble side and evil side), he’ll regret what he’s done. Macbeth’s character is so episodic, changing his beliefs and qualities from scene to scene. The language in the dialogue is so varied and interesting through assonance, irony, similes and metaphors, that the audience are immediately absorbed and inquiring. The opening scenes of Macbeth are made dramatic through a series of techniques including setting, structure, characters and language. Shakespeare effectively uses weather and landscape to create and enhance an eerie and immoral mood, mostly prior to the witches’ entrance. Intrigue is also stimulated through the play’s structure, in both Shakespeare’s order of scenes and use of dialogue. Limiting the storyline revealed and purposely organising the order in which characters are introduced develop anticipation and inquisitiveness amongst the audience. Overall the characters and language introduced in the opening scenes are the utmost captivating. Their characterisations are constructed through language compiling of techniques such as similes, assonance, metaphors, rhythm, rhyme and irony. All of these effectively help to make the opening scenes of Macbeth extremely enthralling, interesting and dramatic.

Describe Romeo and Juliet’s love Essay

Describe Romeo and Juliet’s love and the way it develops in the course of the play. (Look carefully at the language used and use short quotations to illustrate your answer. ) Shakespeare meant for his plays to be performed on a stage and not to be read, he was a very skilled play write and he made his audiences believe things that in reality could not happen in such a short space of time. Romeo and Juliet’s love for one another shows their disobedience towards their parents. The houses that the pair of ‘star cross’d lovers’ belong to are involved in an ‘ancient’ feud. We are made aware of the feud before we even meet the lovers; it is the very first thing that the Chorus, who is a single person on the stage which Shakespeare and many other play writes used to calm down a disorderly audience and give background information on the play, says: ‘Two households both alike in dignity In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. ‘ Their love is ill-fated from the moment they first meet, at Capulet’s party, because of the dispute that has been going on for generations. When we first meet Romeo, his father Lord Montague describes Romeo’s melancholic mood, this fits exactly the contemporary ideas of lovesickness in Shakespeare’s time. Lord Montague and Benvolio contrast Romeo’s feelings for Rosaline and how they have changed his personality. We can see that Romeo is not himself as he says: ‘Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, he’s some other where. ‘ The many oxymorons, Romeo uses in his speech are meant to suggest his confused state of mind: ‘Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health, Still-waking sleep,’Romeo sees Rosaline as the most beautiful woman on earth he matches her beauty to those of saints: ‘When the devout religion of mine eye Maintains such falsehood, then turn tears to fire! ‘ It seems that Romeo is only in love with the idea of being in love. On our first meeting with Juliet her mother is calling her. She replies to her mother in a formal way: ‘Madam, I am here. What is your will? ‘ She is modest, quiet and beautiful. Since she is from a powerful Verona family she is well dressed. When Lady Capulet suggests that the County Paris would make a good husband, Juliet responds:’I’ll look to like, if looking liking move. But no more deep will I endart mine eye Than your consent gives strength to make it fly. ‘ In the times when the play was written it was normal for parents to arrange who their daughter would marry. When Romeo sees Juliet for the first time his extravagant declarations of love for Rosaline vanish in a second. He now speaks with tenderness and plainness: ‘Beauty to rich for use, for earth to dear! So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows, As yonder lady o’er her fellows shows. ‘ In the last line of his speech, ‘Did my heart love till now? Forswear it, sight! For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night. ‘ What Romeo says, is that what he said earlier in the play was silly and wrong. Ironically, when Benvolio was persuading Romeo to go to the party he told him he would soon forget Rosaline and this is just what happened. Romeo anticipates the line of approach he will take during the dance by saying that her touch will ‘bless’ his hand. It was believed at this time that true love always struck at first sight; love that grew gradually was no love at all. ‘This holy shrine, the gentle sin is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand’. This is a quick-witted bout of flirtation in which both sides are equally smitten, as is made clear by what follows, but in which Juliet plays the proper young girl’s role of cutting up Romeo’s ‘lines’ as fast as he can think them up. ‘Saints do not move, but grant for prayers’ sake. ‘ ‘Then have my lips the sin that they have took. ‘ and ‘You kiss by the book. ‘ This shows Juliet to be much wittier than a typical 13 year old girl. This flirtatious fourteen-line passage is actually a sonnet; it was popular in the sixteenth century and generally regarded as the proper means for love poetry. Juliet manages to tease Romeo slightly in the earnest gesture of the devotion that they declare: ‘For saints have hands that pilgrims’ hands do touch,’ and ‘Ay, pilgrim, lips that they use in prayer. ‘ Juliet is encouraging Romeo to kiss her in a subtle way. She takes early charge of the relationship. Romeo’s love for Juliet is unmistakably passionate, which an Elizabethan audience would have loved. He uses a lot of effective imagery. For example the image of the sun: ‘It is the east, and Juliet the sun! Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon,’ Romeo is putting Juliet on a higher pedestal, saying she is a higher being, he is also referring to the brightness of her beauty, and that she brings light into his world of darkness. In calling for the triumph of the sun over the moon, Romeo is hoping she will not remain a virgin much longer. Women who prolonged their virginity excessively were thought to suffer from â€Å"green-sickness,† a problem that could only be cured by healthy lovemaking. The entire opening soliloquy to this scene is devoted to Romeo’s fevered desire that Juliet will make love with him. Despite his passion, he is shy enough, and polite enough, not to simply burst in upon her. It is the tension between his overwhelming desire and his reserve that shows how much he truly loves her. The comparison of a woman’s eyes to bright stars was a usual thing, but Romeo elaborates it in a dazzling series of lines dwelling on the brightness of Juliet’s beauty: ‘The brightness of her cheek would shame those stars As daylight doth a lamp. Her eyes in heaven’ Romeo is impetuous, impulsive and has his head in the clouds; he uses phrases of elaborate description. Whereas Juliet is down-to-earth, practical, natural and spontaneous by her speech we can tell that it is her first experience of love and that she is young and because of the language she uses that Romeo excites her. It is Juliet who is thinking through the consequences of their love more systematically and practically than is Romeo. She almost immediately speaks of the death that threatens him: ‘And the place of death, considering who thou art, If any of my kinsmen find thee here’ Romeo replies that love cannot be held out by ‘stony limits’. Romeo believes that love has directed him to Juliet. From the beginning their dialogue is riddled with reference to death. This is dramatically ironic because the chorus already told the audience that they will die because of their love. When Romeo says: ‘Alack, there lies more peril in thine eyes; And thou but love me, let them find me here’ He is using conventional and courtly language, which goes back centuries. Juliet’s long speech makes clear that she is still an honourable young woman who wishes her love had not been so promptly revealed; but now that it has been, she does not intend to look backward. She indirectly refers that Jove laughs at the oaths of lovers. Just as Romeo had scorned the moon for its virginity, Juliet rejects it as too variable: ‘O swear not by the moon, th’ inconstant moon, That monthly changes in her circled orb, Lest that thy love prove likewise variable. ‘ Juliet is honest. She feels that she has been too easily won by Romeo: ‘Or if thou think’st I am too quickly won, I’ll frown and be perverse and say thee nay, So thou wilt woo; but else, not for the world. ‘ Again Juliet allows herself to flirt with oath in calling Romeo her God. Romeo insists that he will love Juliet faithfully. Having proclaimed her love once, the basis of Juliet’s expression is unstopped, and she becomes the dominant figure in the rest of the scene. This young pair know very little about each other except that they are extremely attractive and witty. Juliet’s has split moods in this scene one is lead by her head and one by her heart. Her head is her practical side; her heart is spontaneous and excited. Falconry was a popular sport in Elizabethan England. Juliet is comparing Romeo to a falcon, and what she would like is for Romeo to be her falcon, she likes the idea of being able to call him back to her hand whenever she needs him: ‘Hist! Romeo, hist! O for a falconer’s voice, To lure this tassel-gentle back again! ‘ When Romeo asked the Friar to marry Juliet and himself, the Friar agreed only because he is hoping that the marriage of Romeo and Juliet will put an end to feud between the houses of Montague and Capulet. From the text we can tell that Friar Laurence is Romeo’s confident, a father-figure. Children in the 14th/15th Centuries who had important parents didn’t have the same relationship as children today have with their parents. This is why Juliet confides in her nurse and Romeo in Friar Laurence. The last line in Act two Scene one, Friar Laurence is saying to Romeo that he should take it slow because those that go to fast will ‘stumble’ later on: ‘Wisely and slow: they stumble that run fast. ‘ In the marriage scene it is Friar Laurence who is thinking ahead, he says: ‘So smile the heavens upon this holy act, That after hours with sorrow chide us not! ‘ Romeo, lives only in the present, and says so: ‘Amen, amen! But come what sorrow can, It cannot countervail the exchange of joy That one short minute gives me in her sight. ‘ In his view, the joy of a minute with Juliet will be greater than all the possible sorrow of any later hours. Romeo adds that he is ready to face the greatest sorrow of all: ‘Do thou but close our hands with holy words, Then love-devouring death do what he dare; It is enough I may but call her mine. ‘ These exulting words foreshadow what actually happens; ‘love-devouring death’ makes its first appearance shortly after the wedding. The Friar understands that Romeo thinks love will make him bullet-proof, and tries to talk some sense into him: ‘These violent delights have violent ends And in their triumph die, like fire and powder, Which as they kiss consume. ‘ On their wedding night Friar Laurence anticipates that they will ‘consume’ each other (consummate their marriage). Just like the nurse anticipates for Juliet. The Friar says that the ecstasies of love can’t last forever. ‘The sweetest honey Is loathsome in his own deliciousness, And in the taste confounds the appetite†:’ In other words, too much honey can ruin its taste. The Friar concludes his little talk by advising Romeo to ‘love moderately’ as, ‘Too swift arrives as tardy as too slow’. Juliet reveals her innermost feelings in her soliloquy. She is apprehensive and excited: she makes a reference to the classical god Phoebus Apollo: ‘Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds, Towards Phoebus’ lodging; such a waggoner. ‘ Juliet uses a lot of phrases that make her seem impatient like, ‘Gallop’, ‘leap’ and ‘fiery-footed steeds’. Juliet is nervous about what is going to happen when Romeo arrives. She extends the falcon image: ‘Hood my unmann’d blood, bating in my cheeks, With thy black mantle; till strange love, grown bold,’ She gives the impression that she is worried about her body and that she will not fulfil Romeo’s needs. The repetitive use of the word ‘come’ refers to her impatience for Romeo to arrive quickly to her. Most of the soliloquy is of a sexual nature but some of it is not, for example: ‘Give me my Romeo. And when I shall die Take him and cut him out in little stars, And he will make the faces of heaven so fine That all the world will be in love with night,’ This is extremely romantic. It also refers to death. When the nurse tells Juliet that Romeo has killed Tybalt, Juliet uses oxymorons, these show that she is confused, ‘beautiful tyrant’ and ‘fiend angelical’. However, when the nurse starts to criticise Romeo, Juliet cuts off the nurse and defends him, ‘Blister’d be thy tongue’. Juliet implies that banishment is worse than death. She seems more mature and her practical side is seen especially when she says: ‘My husband lives, that Tybalt would have slain; And Tybalt’s dead, that would have slain my husband:’ Romeo uses direct and romantic speech that shows his sincere and loving feelings; ‘It was the lark, the herald of the morn, No nightingale. Look, love, what envious streaks Do lace the severing clouds in yonder east. Night’s candles are burnt out, and jocund day Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops. I must be gone and live, or stay and die. ‘ This shows that he is mature; much more than Juliet earlier in the play. Their mature dreamy roles are swapped. Romeo reassures Juliet that they will be together again: ‘I doubt it not; and all these woes shall serve For sweet discourses in our time to come. ‘ Juliet’s reply to this phrase is: ‘O God! I have an ill-divining soul: Methinks I see thee, now art so low, As one dead in the bottom of a tomb: Either my eyesight fails, or thou look’st pale. ‘ This is dramatic irony because when Juliet wakes up from the potion she does see Romeo on the floor of the tomb. Juliet seeks the help of Friar Laurence because she has been abandoned by her parents and her nurse, the one person she is closest to, except for Romeo but it seems that he too has deserted her. She feels suicidal when she talks to Friar Laurence; she would rather die than marry the County Paris. When Friar Laurence suggests that she takes the potion she appears to be relieved. Though out the scene she is very courageous. The soliloquy dwells on her fear of the vault; it enlarges what she had already said to Friar Laurence. The speech confirms that the vault is connected with the catastrophic climax of the play. She is determined to kill her self in the potion does not put her in a slight coma: ‘What if this mixture do not work at all? Shall I be married than tomorrow morning? No, no; this shall forbid it: lie thou there. ‘ She fears it could be poison and she then contradicts that statement in the next one. She feels that she may go mad in the tomb if Romeo is not there when she wakes, the horror of these images make her go mad. In the end she takes the potion for Romeo’s sake: ‘Romeo, Romeo, Romeo! Here’s drink – I drink to thee! ‘ Romeo’s speech before taking the poison is direct and simple poetry. He is still referring to Juliet as ‘light’. In the speech Romeo personifies death and accuses death of trying to keep Juliet beautiful so that death can use her for his pleasure: ‘That unsubstantial death is amorous, And that the lean abhorred monster keeps Thee here in the dark to be his paramour? ‘ He uses grotesque metaphors and similes. He appears to be preparing himself for death. ‘A dateless bargain to engrossing death! ‘ He is trying to prolong the moment. His love for Juliet is obvious at this point in the play; he drinks the poison for Juliet, ‘Here’s to my love! ‘ all he wants is to be with Juliet and if they can’t be together in life then the must be in death. As a result of the lovers’ deaths the families are brought together. Prince Escalus makes sure that the blame is shared; he makes that very clear: ‘Where be these enemies? – Capulet! Montague! See what a scourge is laid upon your hate, That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love; And I, for winking at your discords too, Have lost a brace of kinsmen. All are punished. ‘ The prince is also blaming himself; he knows that all had a part to play is Romeo and Juliet’s deaths, and this is why it is such a tragic ending which is written in a very expert way.

Analysing an Advertisement Through Barthes’ Analytical Model Essay Example

Analysing an Advertisement Through Barthes’ Analytical Model Essay Example Analysing an Advertisement Through Barthes’ Analytical Model Essay Analysing an Advertisement Through Barthes’ Analytical Model Essay Essay Topic: Analytical The advertisement I’ve chosen to be my case of study in analyzing an advertisement through Barthes’ analytical model is an ad from Folgers Coffees. The ad is actually a print of a cup of Folgers coffee placed on top of manhole covers in New York City. Holes on the print allow the steam to come out, and the wordings around the cup read ‘Hey City That Never Sleeps. Wake Up. Folgers. ’ As I recently learned, Folgers are well-known to be innovative with its ads: always trying to do something creative and funny to attract customers and coffee consumer’s attention. This Folgers’s ad is by all means a clever way to ask for people’s attention. First of all, let’s analyze the linguistic message in this ad. The simple phrase ‘Hey city that never sleeps. Wake up’ is a direct call to New Yorkers, people who are always on the move, always in the need of being awake, in the need of caffeine. ‘Wake up’ is in the imperative form, what lays the impression that Folgers is actually giving an order to New Yorkers to wake up by having a cup of Folgers’s coffee, what, in my opinion, plays with the audience emotions as it suggests that the only way you can be awake is by having a cup of coffee, a Folgers’s cup of coffee. Not to mention that it reinforces the contemporary idea that coffee should be part of every morning’s routine as a way to keep things functioning well. Another ‘tool’ used in the ad’s text to call for people’s attention is the capitalization of all the words, and the contrasting use of white against the grey concrete. Red is used for the word ‘Folgers,’ and the general effect of red is stimulating and appetizing, that is why companies like Coca-Cola use red in their logotypes and ads. Red is also known for grabbing people’s attention and getting people to take action. In this case the action is waking up by having a Folgers’s cup of coffee. Another way to analyze this ad is by taking a look in the image and what it entitles connotatively and denotatively. The image in this ad is a print of a white cup of coffee with coffee. Because the print is placed on the top of a manhole cover, and because of the steam coming out of the holes you get the impression that it is real, fresh, hot coffee right there on the street. When I saw this ad for the fist time, I honestly felt in the need for a shot of either Italian espresso or Brazilian coffee. I could even taste it and smell its aroma. Seeing it on real life might make this coffee allusion even more stimulating since you are seeing the steam coming of this cup of coffee in the middle of the street. The image is provoking, and whether you like coffee or not, it will certainly evoke the idea that coffee is a great way to start your day.

Scutellosaurus - Facts and Figures

Scutellosaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Scutellosaurus (Greek for little shield lizard); pronounced SKOO-tell-oh-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of southern North America Historical Period: Early Jurassic (200-195 million years ago) Size and Weight: About four feet long and 25 pounds Diet: Plants Distinguishing Characteristics: Small size; long tail; bony studs on back About Scutellosaurus One of the persistent themes of evolution is that large, imposing creatures descend from small, mouselike progenitors. Although no one would think of comparing Scutellosaurus to a mouse (it weighed about 25 pounds, for instance, and was covered with bony spikes), this dinosaur was certainly rodent-sized compared to its multi-ton armored descendants of the late Cretaceous period, such as Ankylosaurus and Euoplocephalus. Although its hind limbs were longer than its forelimbs, paleontologists believe Scutellosaurus was ambidextrous, posture-wise: it probably stayed on all fours while eating, but was capable of breaking into a two-legged gait when escaping predators. Like other early dinosaurs, Scutellosaurus was anatomically very similar to the prosauropods and small theropods that roamed the earth during the late Triassic and early Jurassic periods.

Technology Education relevant to Curriculum Methods Article

Technology Education relevant to Curriculum Methods - Article Example In addition, it is important to note that the instructional technology is very important in the curriculum and knowledge accumulation amongst the students. This is because, when the instructional technology is employed, the curriculum can be individualized to suit the specific learning styles of different students (Scherer, 2011). This improves learning in a broader perspective amongst students. This article plays a critical role in molding the technological learners to become persons of commendable reputation in their future careers. This is evident in the instructional system relevant to the curriculum methods (Scherer, 2011). The article is very important in strengthening the curriculum methods relevant to technology education. This relates a lot towards some of the strengths vested in the article. For example, the article equips the students with lots of knowledge of the principles as well as practices of teaching and learning relevant t the field of technology (Scherer, 2011). I n addition, the article has greatly succeeded in articulating relevant curriculum documents that are very important to the students. These comprise of the manner in which the article has succeeded in instilling into students the ability to generate plans for lessons, as well as units of work in association with the contents of the curriculum documents.

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT ON PAST CLASSWORK Assignment

REFLECTIVE STATEMENT ON PAST CLASSWORK - Assignment Example The site was also well maintained and retained its functionality at all times. This facilitated study and contributed to the preparation for the final papers. At a personal level, the course was an eye opener to opportunities that exist for personal career growth and development. From the presentation of the course outline, it was clear that the training offered would be rigorous as well as holistic in its approach to the subject. The learning program was full of fun due to the practical activities that enabled me to learn by doing thus breaking the monotony of theory. Being able to interact freely with classmates and have meaningful discussions always made me feel valued due to the positive responses I got from colleagues. The tutors were always helpful and gave their support over and above what they were obliged to do. As a result, the course has contributed to my pursuance of the goal of attaining professional skills to ensure that I enter the job market when planned. Secondly, my goal to help disseminate knowledge has also been enhanced as I have acquired education that will propel me to teaching positions in future. Currently, I am a ble to share knowledge acquired through discussions with colleagues. I will build upon the training obtained to open opportunities for further studies and become a course tutor. The course has also enabled me to practice my values in pursuance of success. Since I am a hardworking and dedicated person, I have been able to concentrate on the rigorous work so as to finish assignments in time and to read all material in the time allocated as required. I have also utilized my strengths to advance performance both in class and outside of class. In the class environment, my ability to understand learnt material and put it to practical use has tremendously improved. Each time I learn a new concept, I almost certainly evaluate how to put it into practice. Finally, the rubric was written clearly and precisely. This enabled me

Public Opinion Poll Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Public Opinion Poll - Essay Example Citizens were brainwashed to keep them gullible. History was re-written. Big Brother's message was written for all to see: War is Peace, Freedom is Slavery, Ignorance is Strength (Orwell 1949). America might be closer to Orwell's nightmare than anyone would like to admit. On October 26, 2001, just 45 days after the September 11 terrorist attacks, Congress passed H.R. 3162, the United and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, commonly referred to as the Patriot Act. This law was passed to "deter and punish terrorist acts in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and for other purposes." Some of the provisions in the Act have come under intense scrutiny and criticism by many civil liberties organizations, including the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and the American Library Association (ALA). The majority of the objections stem from the enhanced surveillance powers it gives the executive branch of our government, more specifically sections 213, which allow officials to inspect private property without providing notice, section 214, which allows the government to implement what are known as "trap and trace searches", section 215, which allows personal information held by a third party to be reviewed without notice to that individual, and section 218, which calls for the compilation of foreign intelligence information. These provisions are seen as an infringement on the rights granted to Americans in the Bill of Rights (ACLU online, 2005). The Patriot Act is the wrong solution to preventing terrorism, and it opens the door for further intrusions on civil libert ies. Civil liberties are those rights granted to Americans by the Bill of Rights and the Constitution. Since the passing of the Patriot Act, several of those rights have been violated. namely the First amendment, which grants the freedom of speech, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and the right to peaceful assembly. The Fourth amendment grants the freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. The Fifth Amendment says that no person will be deprived of life, liberty, or property without the due process of law. And the Sixth amendment which guarantees the right to a speedy trial by an impartial jury, the right to be informed of the facts of the accusation, the right to confront witnesses and the right to have the assistance of counsel (ACLU online, 2005). In November of 2003 the Gallup Poll conducted a survey on how much Americans were willing to sacrifice in the name of security. According to that survey most Americans feel that the trampling of civil liberties is too high a price to pay for security. They also are growing more likely to say that the Bush Administration has gone too far in his crusade against terrorism. (Carlson 2004) The Bush Administration has made numerous attempts to restrict basic American rights. For example, in October of 2003, the White House banned media coverage of the hundreds of caskets that house the remains of soldiers killed in Iraq. In defense of their censorship, the Pentagon claimed this coverage posed a threat to Homeland Security, although they made no attempt to explain how that could be. The image of the caskets would make many Americans question what

Concurrent Execution of Database

Concurrent Execution of Database Question 1: a) What is meant by concurrent execution of database in a multi-user system? Discuss why concurrency control is needed giving a suitable example. How the concept of Time stamp based and validation is based Protocols used in concurrency control. Ans:- Multiple transactions are allowed to run concurrently in the system. Concurrent execution of database is meant by execution of database in parallel. I.e. each transaction must behave in isolation. This means that the concurrent execution does not result an inconsistent state. Ensuring consistency in spite of concurrent execution of transactions requires is very complex Advantages are: increased processor and disk utilization, leading to better transaction throughput 4 E.g. one transaction can be using the CPU while another is reading from or writing to the disk reduced average response time for transactions: short transactions need not wait behind long ones. Timestamp Protocol: Timestamp is a unique identifier to identify a transaction. Timestamp can be considered to be as the transaction start time. It determines the concurrent execution such that the timestamp determines the serializability order. Time stamp holds two timestamp values: W-timestamp() is the largest time-stamp of any transaction that executed write() successfully. R-timestamp () is the largest time-stamp of any transaction that executed read() successfully. Suppose that transaction Ti issues write (Q). If TS (Ti) < R-timestamp (Q), then the value of Q that Ti is producing was needed previously, and the system assumed that that value would never be produced. Hence, the write operation is rejected, and Ti is rolled back. If TS (Ti) < W-timestamp (Q), then Ti is attempting to write an obsolete value of Q. Hence, this write operation is rejected, and Ti is rolled back. Otherwise, the write operation is executed, and W-timestamp(Q) is set to TS(Ti).The timestamp-ordering protocol guarantees serializability since all the arcs in the precedence graph are of the form. Timestamp protocol ensures freedom from deadlock as no transaction ever waits. Validation Protocol: The optimistic concurrency control techniques also known as validation or certification techniques, no checking is done while the transaction is executing. Several methods use the validation technique. Execution of transaction Ti is done in three phases. Read and execution phase: Transaction Ti writes only to temporary local variables Validation phase: Transaction Ti performs a validation test to determine if local variables can be written without violating serializability. Write phase: If Ti is validated, the updates are applied to the database; otherwise, Ti is rolled back. The three phases of concurrently executing transactions can be interleaved, but each transaction must go through the three phases in that order. Each transaction Ti has 3 timestamps Start(Ti) : the time when Ti started its execution Validation(Ti): the time when Ti entered its validation phase Finish(Ti) : the time when Ti finished its write phase This protocol is useful and gives greater degree of concurrency if probability of conflicts is low. That is because the serializability order is not pre-decided and relatively less transactions will have to be rolled back. Question 2: Why does deadlock occur in concurrent execution of transaction where locking scheme is followed? How can you detect deadlock in database system? How is the problem of deadlock resolved? Explain with the help of an example. Ans: Although locks prevent serious data inconsistencies but their use may lead to a major problem. The schedule may create deadlocks. A database deadlock is caused when two transactions wait for each other to unlock data. Deadlocks can be managed by using deadlock detection and prevention techniques. A deadlock is a condition that occurs when two transactions wait for each other to unlock data. Deadlocks occur when two transactions T1 and T2 exist in the following mode: T1 locks data item X and it needs to access Y while Y is locked by T2 T2 locks data item Y and it needs to access X while X is locked by T1 If T1 has not found unlocked data item Y and T2 needs Y, T2 cannot begin, if T2 has not unlocked data item X and T1 needs X, T1 cannot continue. Consequently T1 and T2 wait indefinitely, each waiting for the other to unlock the required data item. Three basic techniques exist to control deadlocks:- Deadlock prevention Deadlock detection Deadlock avoidance Deadlock prevention:- A transaction requesting a new lock is aborted if there is a possibility that a deadlock can occur. If the transaction is aborted, all the changes made by this transaction are rolled back, and all locks obtained by the transaction are released. The transaction is then rescheduled for execution. Deadlocks prevention works because it avoids the condition that leads to deadlock. In deadlock prevention, timed out schemes are used. Deadlock detection:- The DBMS periodically test the database for deadlocks. If a deadlock is found one of the transactions is aborted and the other transaction continues. The aborted transaction will be rescheduled for execution later on. The system uses wait- for graph. The system is in deadlock state if and only if the wait-for graph has a cycle. Deadlock avoidance:- The transaction must obtain all the locks it needs before it can be executed. This technique avoids rollback of conflicting transaction by requiring that locks be obtained in succession. The serial lock assignment required in deadlock avoidance increases transaction response. Example:- Deadlock checking occurs when a transaction has waited 30 seconds; no lock wait timeouts occur. Question 3: What is two phase locking? Describe with help of an example. Will two phase locking result in serialisable schedule? Will two phase locking result in deadlock? Justify your answer with the help of an example Ans: Two phase locking defines how transactions acquire and relinquish locks. Two phase locking gurantees serializability but it does not prevent deadlocks. The two phases are: Growing phase in which a transaction acquires all the required locks without unlocking any data. Shrinking phase in which a transaction releases all locks and cannot obtain any new lock. The two-phase locking protocol is governed by the following rules: Two transactions cannot have conflicting locks. No unlock operation can precede a lock operation in the same transaction. No data are affected until all locks are obtained that is until the transaction is in its locked point. Yes, two phase locking will result in deadlock because when mutual blocking between transactions occurs then it results deadlock. When deadlock occur, the execution of these transaction cannot be completed. So deadlock need to be resolved for completion of these transactions. Example:- In this example, the transaction acquires all the locks it needs until it reaches its locked point. When the locked point is reached is reached, the data are modified to confirm to the transaction requirements. Finally, the transaction is completed as it releases all of the lock it acquired in the first phase. Question 4: When do we use Log based recovery technique? Explain the write ahead log strategy for recovery in a centralized DBMS, with the help of an example. Ans: It is mostly used to structure for recoding database modifications. In a log based recovery a a log file is maintained for recovery purpose. Log file is a sequence of log records. There are two techniques for log based recovery. Deferred database modification: it ensures transaction atomicity by recording all database modifications in the log, but deferring the execution of all write operations of transactions until it is partially committed. Immediate database modification: it allows database modification to be output to the database while the transaction is still in the active state. The Write Ahead log is the basic rule that ensures that a record of every change to the database is available while attempting to recover from a crash. That is if a transaction makes a change and is committed, then the no force approach means that some of the changes may have not been written to the disk at the time of crash. Without any record of changes there is no way to ensure that the changes of a committed transaction survive crashes. For this before writing a page to the disk every update log record that describes a change to the page must be in a stable storage Question 5: Assume that the Railway reservation system is implemented using an RDBMS. What are the concurrency control measures one has to take, in order to avoid concurrency related problems in the above system? How can the deadlock be avoided in this system? How can we implement recovery techniques in such a system? Ans: When several transactions execute concurrently in the database, however there is a chance, the isolation property may no longer be preserved. To ensure that it is, the system must control the interaction among the concurrent transactions; this control is achieved through one of a variety of mechanisms called concurrency-control schemes. TYPES OF CONCURRENCY CONTROL SCHEME Lock-Based Protocols Timestamp-Based Protocols Validation-Based Protocols TO AVOID DEADLOCK: To ensure that no cyclic waits can occur by ordering the requests for locks. Deadlock recovery, and performs transaction rollback instead of waiting for a lock, whenever the wait could potentially result in a deadlock. DEADLOCK RECOVERY TECHNIQUE- To maintain information about the current allocation of data items to transactions, as well as any outstanding data item requests. Provide an algorithm that uses this information to determine whether the system has entered a deadlock state. Recover from the deadlock when the detection algorithm determines that deadlock exists. Question 6: How can we use the concept of shadow paging in database recovery of a real time application? Ans: It is an alternative to log-based recovery techniques. It may require fewer disk accesses but it is hard to extend paging to allow multiple concurrent transactions. The idea is to maintain two page tables during the life of a transaction: the current page table and the shadow page table. When the transaction starts current and page tables are identical. The shadow page is never changed during the life of the transaction. The current page is updated with each write operation. Each table entry points to a page on the disk. When the transaction is committed the shadow page entry becomes a copy of the current page table entry and the disk block with the old data is released. If the shadow is stored in nonvolatile memory and a system crash occurs, then the shadow page table is copied to the current page table. This guarantees that the shadow page table will point to the database pages corresponding to the state of the database prior to any transaction that was active at the time of the crash, making aborts automatic. It is used as an improvement to the shadow copy technique. The key idea of shadow paging is to maintain two page tables during the life of a transaction. Shadow paging helps in better recovery from crashes and also it does not require any undo/redo technique. The disadvantage of shadow paging is that it changes the disk address of the current page table and also copies the actual data block from the RAM to the hard disk output operation. There are drawbacks to the shadow-page technique: Commit overhead. The commit of a single transaction using shadow paging requires multiple blocks to be output the current page table, the actual data and the disk address of the current page table. Log-based schemes need to output only the log records. Data fragmentation. Shadow paging causes database pages to change locations. Garbage collection Each time that a transaction commits, the database pages containing the old version of data changed by the transactions must become inaccessible. Such pages are considered to be garbage since they are not part of the free space and do not contain any usable information. Periodically it is necessary to find all of the garbage pages and add them to the list of free pages. This process is called garbage collection and imposes additional overhead and complexity on the system.