Cultural background Essay

1. How do societies shape minds? The social parentage of someone in particular frequently establishes a connection with the individual itself. Be that as it may, if the individual is all the more regularly presented to a specific culture that is very surprising from their parentage, there is a more noteworthy possibility of adjusting to the said culture with the goal for them to â€Å"fit-in† with the populace. 2. What societies influence center and secondary school understudies? The Hispanic/Mexican and Asian societies have more impact on center and secondary school understudies since they ensure that the cutting edge understand the significance of having their own unmistakable culture paying little mind to their capacity to adjust to the social states of the nation where they dwell. 3. What skill levels impact student’s thinking and conduct all through school? Education in the English language is the significant impact followed by proficiency in social legacy. 4. Where is our pre-adult proficiency emergency established? It lies in the capacity of the immature to change in accordance with both the family and social condition corresponding to their mission for information during their early stages. 5. In what capacity would teachers be able to react to proficiency and learning difficulties in their substance region homerooms? The instructors can set the learning pace that would put the understudies, paying little heed to mind or social foundation, quiet in the study halls making them anxious to find out additional.

Wireless Campus Network Design †Free Samples to Students

Question: Examine about the Wireless Campus Network Design. Answer: Presentation: This venture is planned for GITAM University which has three grounds situated in different urban areas of India, for example, Visakhapatnam, Hyderabad and Bangalore. The principle grounds of the college is situated at Visakhapatnam and it has chosen to execute a propelled arrange framework for conveying most recent advances. In this venture, a solitary combined IP arrange has been chosen to improve organize foundation of the University for conveying the inventive innovation and empowering a superior situation. The proposed arrange arrangement will be competent to run inside applications just as giving Wi-Fi office inside the grounds. The point of this task is to arrangement a grounds wide system having 1 GB fiber on the spine and around in excess of 300 switches on the system. The college faces different difficulties from the two angles specialized just as business. The difficulties that are being looked by the University is improvement of a world class framework that will be versatile in nature just as offer high class instruction office. Another difficulties that are being looked by the University are recorded as beneath: Improvement of financial plan for making the correct fit to convey the system foundation. The help from accomplices in an up-nation area as that as of Vishakhapatnam is a significant concern. There is no arrangement to encourage new administrations, for example, video, virtualization and distributed computing. Undertaking equipment prerequisites Gadget Producers Name Arrangement Model Highlights Ports Switch Cisco 6500 6509E MTBF: 348,935 hours Most extreme sending execution (IPv4): 510 Mpps 16 Cisco 2960 24TT-L Streak Memory 32 MB Max VLANs 255 Most extreme transmission unit (MTU) - Up to 9000 bytes 24 Server Cisco ACS - Confirmation and Authorization conventions Firewall Cisco ASA 5500 5550 Throughput: Up to 1.2 Gbps Security Context Up to 50 VPN Throughput: Up to 425 Mbps Switch Cisco 7200 7206 Ethernet (10BASE-T) Ports 48 Ethernet (10BASE-FL) Ports - 30 48 and 30 PC Dell, HP - - Working System Linux and Windows Slam 4 Gb Hard Disk 320 Gb- Kinds of links Copper Straight through link Copper hybrid link Sequential Cable In this figure, the Cisco 6509E Switch has been utilized that has WiSM implies remote controller for 300 passages. The switches has been utilized to make various fragments inside the single merged IP arrange so that there is no issue of blockage inside the system. The joined IP organize implies it is a common system thus the switches have been utilized for dispersion of the system. Results/advantages of the proposed plan The single met IP organize for the fundamental grounds of GITAM University has assisted with accomplishing the high class training office just as encouraging significant distance instruction. The proposed arrangement has assisted with sparing 80% expenses by actualizing the new framework. The time required for sending of new applications has additionally diminished by 90% as the applications can be facilitated as administrations inside the cloud. There is sensational increment in the utilization of physical assets and there is likewise improvement in the experience of clients. The accessibility of cloud in the University has helped different divisions to use virtualized servers to finish their prerequisites. This has in the end assisted with lessening the expenses related with upkeep and acquisition of physical machines. The different specialized impediments of the proposed arrangement that is single IP met organize are being represented as underneath: In a solitary IP met organize, there are various principles, sorts of correspondence, record framework conventions just as interface transports for associating hosts to various capacity gadgets subsequently shaping a capacity system or LAN. As in a solitary IP joined system, the capacity isn't on an isolated system different dangers are inalienable over the system. End GITAM University concentrated on creating specialized and proficient information on the understudies alongside their scientific just as down to earth abilities. In any case, it was getting troublesome because of different impediment in the system framework that kept from giving high class instruction. Consequently, the issue being looked by the college was settled with the assistance of proposed answer for send a solitary IP arrange all through the grounds. The proposed arrangement has assisted with accomplishing impressive reserve funds on cost and encourages new administrations, for example, video, virtualization just as distributed computing. The proposed arrangement has assisted with expanding the use of physical assets and enhancements in client experience. List of sources Ali, M.N.B., Hossain, M.E. what's more, Parvez, M.M, Design and Implementation of a Secure Campus Network.International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering,5, pp.370-374, 2015. Farahani, R.Z., Rezapour, S., Drezner, T. what's more, Fallah, S, Competitive flexibly chain organize structure: An outline of arrangements, models, arrangement strategies and applications.Omega,45, pp.92-118, 2014. Kaur, P, Wireless Campus Network Design and Optimization utilizing with or without AODV.VNN Journal of Computers Technology,1(1), pp.1-5, 2016. Nguyen, V.G. what's more, Kim, Y.H, SDN-Based Enterprise and Campus Networks: A Case of VLAN Management.Journal of Information Processing Systems,12(3), 2016. Rong, H. what's more, Center, N, Design and research on college grounds organize application virtualization dependent on Citrix XenApp.Computer Era,3, p.009, 2014. Simmons, J.M,Optical arrange structure and arranging. Springer, 2014. Szigeti, T., Hattingh, C., Barton, R. what's more, Briley Jr, K,End-to-End QoS Network Design: Quality of Service for Rich-Media Cloud Networks. Cisco Press, 2013. Tree, S, Wireless sensor networks.Self,1(R2), p.C0, 2014.

The Psychology Behind the Flow State of Mind

The Psychology Behind the Flow State of Mind Happiness Print Flow Can Help You Achieve Goals Understanding the Psychology of Flow By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 14, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 08, 2019 Tom Merton /Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All If you ever felt completely immersed in an activity, you might have been experiencing a mental state that psychologists refer to as flow. What exactly is flow? Imagine for a moment that you are running a race. Your attention is focused on the movements of your body, the power of your muscles, the force of your lungs, and the feel of the street beneath your feet. You are living in the moment, utterly absorbed in the present activity. Time seems to fall away. You are tired, but you barely notice. According to positive psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi, what you are experiencing in that moment is known as flow, a state of complete immersion in an activity. He describes the mental state of flow as being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and youre using your skills to the utmost. Flow experiences can occur in different ways for different people. Some might experience flow while engaging in a sport such as skiing, tennis, soccer, dancing, or running. Others might have such an experience while engaged in an activity such as painting, drawing, or writing. These moments of flow often occur when you are engaged in an activity that you enjoy and in which you are quite skilled. How Does It Feel to Experience Flow? According to Csíkszentmihályi, there are ten factors that accompany the experience of flow. While many of these components may be present, it is not necessary to experience all of them for flow to occur: Clear goals that, while challenging, are still attainableStrong concentration and focused attentionThe activity is intrinsically rewardingFeelings of serenity; a loss of feelings of self-consciousnessTimelessness; a distorted sense of time; feeling so focused on the present that you lose track of time passingImmediate feedbackKnowing that the task is doable; a balance between skill level and the challenge presentedFeelings of personal control over the situation and the outcomeLack of awareness of physical needsComplete focus on the activity itself How to Achieve Flow So what can you do to increase your chances of achieving flow? In his book, Csíkszentmihályi explains that flow is likely to occur when an individual is faced with a task that has clear goals that require specific responses. A game of chess is a good example of when a flow state might occur. For the duration of a competition, the player has very specific goals and responses, allowing attention to be focused entirely on the game during the period of play. If you are trying to achieve a state of flow, it can help if: You have a specific goal and plan of actionIt is an activity that you enjoy or are passionate aboutThere is an element of challengeYou are able to stretch your current skill level Flow also happens when a persons skills are fully involved in overcoming a challenge that is just about manageable, so it acts as a magnet for learning new skills and increasing challenges, Csíkszentmihályi explains. If challenges are too low, one gets back to flow by increasing them. If challenges are too great, one can return to the flow state by learning new skills. Applications and Examples of Flow While flow experiences can happen as part of everyday life, there are also important practical applications in various areas including education, sports, and the workplace. Examples of Flow in Education: Csíkszentmihályi has suggested that overlearning a skill or concept can help people experience flow. Another critical concept in his theory is the idea of slightly extending oneself beyond ones current ability level. This slight stretching of ones current skills can help the individual experience flow.Examples of Flow in Sports: Just like in educational settings, engaging in a challenging athletic activity that is doable but presents a slight stretching of ones abilities is a good way to achieve flow. Sometimes described by being in the zone, reaching this state of flow allows an athlete to experience a loss of self-consciousness and a sense of complete mastery of the performance.Examples of Flow in the Workplace: Flow can also occur when workers are engaged in tasks where they are able to focus entirely on the project at hand. For example, a writer might experience this while working on a novel or a graphic designer might achieve flow while working o n a website illustration. The Benefits of Flow In addition to making activities more enjoyable, flow also has a number of other advantages. Flow can lead to improved performance. Researchers have found that flow can enhance performance in a wide variety of areas including teaching, learning, athletics, and artistic creativity.Flow can also lead to further learning and skill development. Because the act of achieving flow indicates a substantial mastery of a certain skill, the individual must continually seek new challenges and information in order to maintain this state. A Word From Verywell Achieving a state of flow can be a great way to make the activities you pursue more engaging and enjoyable. Not only do people often perform better when they are in this state of flow, they are often able to improve their skills in that area.

Papers - 749 Words

Outline and Summary of the Articles of Confederation Article I: The name of the new confederacy is â€Å"The United States of America† Article II: Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, independence, and every power not specifically granted to the new Congress. Article III: This confederacy is a â€Å"league of friendship† among the states for *common defense *securing their liberties *their shared welfare They will protect each other from attack. Article IV: All free inhabitants of the different states (except paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice) are entitled to the same privileges and immunities that the inhabitants of each state have. For example, people can come and go freely among the†¦show more content†¦*No state may engage in a war without consent of the Congress unless it is actually invaded or if it is about to be invaded by Indians. Article VII: When a state raises an army for national defense, all officers ranked colonel or below will be appointed by the state legislature. Article VIII: Costs of war or other national expenses will be paid from a common treasury. Each state will pay into the treasury in proportion to the value of land in that state. Article IX: Powers of the United States in Congress Assembled *Congress has the sole and exclusive right to wage war and peace; *send receive ambassadors; *enter into treaties or alliances; *decide how captured prizes in war will be divided; *grant letters of marque and reprisal (that is, create privateers); *appoint courts for dealing with crimes on the high sea and for captured prizes. *Congress is also the court of last resort in case of a dispute between states. *Congress also has the sole and exclusive right to regulate the value of coins; *set standard weights and measures; *regulate affairs and trade with Indians outside individual states; *establish and regulate post offices; *make rules to govern army and navy. *Congress may appoint a committee to serve asShow MoreRelated Paper761 Words   |  4 Pages In the 1790s members of the industry in both Paris and London were working on inventions to try to mechanise paper-making. In England John Dickenson produced the cylinder machine that was operational by 1809. Although useful for smaller enterprises, this lacked the large scale potential of the machine resulting from the invention of Nicholas-Louis Robert in Paris, which had a more complicated incubation period. The last of the early improvements to this machine were financed by the Fourdrinier brothersRead MoreReflection Paper836 Words   |  4 Pagesand integrating quotes. Before my papers were full of â€Å"she said† and â€Å"she would say†; which was boring and showed poor ability to lengthen my word choice. I also had a tendency to just throw quotes in and not integrate it into my writings. By the end of my English 101 class my papers began to present with words like â₠¬Å"the author noted†, or â€Å"she stated† along with many other word choices and proper ways of using quotes. Here is an example from my final research paper: â€Å"Author Stephanie Jackson, a certifiedRead MoreOn Behalf of Paper1685 Words   |  7 PagesFor centuries, people have read and learned on paper. It has loyally served man as the ideal vehicle for conveying our thoughts, feelings, and ideas. In recent years, an opponent has risen: computers. The computer brought the world to our fingertips, to the palm of our hands, but is this competitor superior? Should we drop the written and printed empire that had dominated and quenched our thirst for knowledge for so long? Paper has served an ever-changing world well, constantly adapting and morphingRead MoreReflection Paper1317 Words   |  6 Pagesused to struggle with forming my thoughts into writing, let alone a paper. I was never confident with what I wrote. My writing had no greater purpose other than the assignment. My writing process included: writing my paper, proofreading it, and turning it in. Once the paper left my hands, it also left my mind. Throughout this course we worked with others, visited the writing lab, wrote critiques, and we were able to revise our papers. I believe that all of this is has caused me to grow greatly as aRead More History of Paper1180 Words   |  5 Pages The first historical mention of paper is 104 A.D. in China. The Empress of China at that time loved books and wanted to have a lot of them made. At the time everything was written on silk scrolls which were extremely expensive and time consuming to make. She wanted something cheaper and easier to use and so she asked one of her servants, a gentleman by the name of Tsi Lun to come up with an alternative. He worked for over nine years experimenting with different things and finally came up with hempRead MoreImportance Of Writing Paper870 Words   |  4 Pages Writing papers have not always been my favorite thing to do. The main reason why I detested writing papers, was because I considered my English horrible. English is not my native language and learning it was difficult i n my opinion. Especially, when as a child the only place where you could speak English was at school. Other than that, the only language I was allowed to speak at home was Spanish. Throughout the years I eventually got the hang of it, and at the beginning of fourth grade, I was placedRead MoreCharacteristics And Quality Of A Paper1062 Words   |  5 PagesChoosing the right paper is more complex and it requires more work than just picking any expensive sheet and keeping your fingers crossed. To choose the right paper, you should not choose one based on the highest quality available, or the most expensive one. Instead, you should choose your paper based on the paper size options, durability, finishing, color, the paper weight, price, availability, opacity, and brightness. To choose between the function and quality of a paper is not very easy. It isRead MoreSelf-Reflective Paper 838 Words   |  3 Pagesfixed. Although it was a process, I finally got around to clearly understanding what the objectives were for English 1302 and how to apply them to my papers for this course. The first objective that is given in the syllabus is to meet the requirement of 20 pages total by the end of the course. The objective includes being able to revise and edit papers in a proper fashion. There was a time where revising and editing did not seem important, however, it can make a significant difference in a grade.Read MoreRecycling Waste Paper11594 Words   |  47 PagesPaper recycling  is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new paper products. There are three categories of paper that can be used as feedstocks for making recycled paper: mill broke, pre-consumer waste, and post-consumer waste.[1]  Mill broke  is paper trimmings and other paper scrap from the manufacture of paper, and is recycled internally in a  paper mill.  Pre-consumer waste  is material which left the paper mill but was discarded before it was ready for consumer use.  Post-consumer  wasteRead MoreCarabao Grass Paper17210 Words   |  69 PagesINTRODUCTION History Paper is believed to have originated in China sometime around A.D. 105. Its invention is credited to a Chinese artisan by the name of Tsai-Lun. Tsai Lun created the first type of paper by mixing macerated cellulose fiber with water. His method was simple. He beat rags to a pulp and diluted this with lots of water. He then drained the resultant mixture through a form of a sieve. The fibers matted together and, when it dried, formed what we know now as paper. This papermaking process

Marriage Between Marriage And Divorce - 1101 Words

A tradition is a custom or belief that has been passed down through the generations in a culture. Since it has been passed down, its purpose could often be forgotten or it could have been changed from the original. There are countless traditions in every culture around the world. One of these traditions is divorce. Over the years it has become something that occurs no questions asked. However it is not possible to have divorce without marriage. Marriage and divorce are interchangeably connected. For one is the beginning of a committed relationship and the other is the ending of one. Both, marriage and divorce, are still practiced today. Similarly their origins are also connected to the other. To understand divorce, one must first understand where marriage came from. Marriage is another tradition that has been around for as long as anyone can remember. However â€Å"modern divorce patterns date back to 200 years, to the invention of the historically unprecedented idea that marriage s hould be based on love and mutual affection† (Coontz, par. 1). Before that marriage would simply be a transaction or deal between families. A deal that could involve the attainment of a physical matter or to continue the family line. That was the purpose of marriage back then. Mutual affection between people was not uncommon at the time. However most cultures at the time thought of marrying for a fragile and selfish reason like love was irresponsible (Coontz, par. 6). As time carried on theShow MoreRelatedGender Differences From Comparative Optimism1378 Words   |  6 Pagesoptimism for experiencing a happy marriage or avoiding divorce depending if it was optimism or comparative optimism. The articles used four samples using unmarried college students compared it to men and women as the result it indicated that men have a greater comparative optimism than women when it comes to a happy marriage but not when it comes to divorce. Then when it came to personal optimism men also result greater with having a happy marriage and avoiding divorce. The article than examined whetherRead MoreEssay on Divorce: The Separation of the Inseparable952 Words   |  4 PagesLove is the number one reason for marriage, even having Valentine’s Day to celebrate love. Yet Americans for Divorce Reform (ADR) estimate that, â€Å"Probably, 40 or possibly even 50 percent of marriages will end in divorce if current trends continue (Colleen). The ADR also shows the divorce rates between Christians and non-Christians are indistinguishable. Even worse, Christians divorcing their spouses are distorting the Bible in order to justify their actions. Christians must be called to a higherRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On The United States1041 Words   |  5 Pagesof divorce, for many decades, has been a topic that fell into the domain of taboo. In more recent years, society within the united states has brought the topic into the limelight by desensitizing the term. Thus, the divo rce rates in the US have went up. However, a divorce has both positive and negative implications. Also, there have been backlashes against divorce, but there has also been a positive feedback system employed to aid in the process that surround divorce. The partitioning between theRead MoreThe Issue Of Marriage And Divorce1490 Words   |  6 Pages Marriage and divorce has always been a tricky subject for many couples, the fear of rejection, starting a family or hurting their other counterpart can come to play in many situations throughout their relationship. Traditionally marriages were known to be a sacred bond between two individuals. This bond can be between two heterosexuals or two individuals of the same sex. On May 17th, 2004 Massachusetts became the first state to allow all same-sex marriages (Dinno 2013). In Canada same-sex marriagesRead MoreThe As A Ground For Divorce1492 Words   |  6 PagesGROUND FOR DIVORCE Abstract Introduction Marriages are considered to be very pure bonding of a man and a woman. The concept of marriage has evolved for a very long time and no one can deny that it is the most mandatory ceremony that humans need to perform for the growth of human civilization. According to the one of the oldest religion of earth i.e., Hinduism , marriages are a sacred relationship of two opposite sexes. In religious texts of Hindu’s it is even mentioned that the bond of marriages are decidedRead MoreThe Sacred Bond of Divorce. An Analysis of What Marriage Has Become1562 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"soul† that is intertwined with our own. Sharing a special bond with someone is supposed to be a revelation, but throughout the centuries marriage has become so diluted that it has lost its meaning. I would like to discuss in this paper why marriage is just something that has become another step in life and people leap in and don’t even think twice about it. How marriage at one point in time wa s arranged for money, social standing, and power, and love came after. We as American’s believe in the freedomRead MoreHow The Age At Marriage Influences A Couple s Likelihood Of Getting A Divorce1573 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy how the age at marriage influences a couple’s likelihood of getting a divorce among married individuals in Canada. This is an important topic to consider as families are a common social unit in society and they collectively influence many aspects of social society. I hypothesize that age is an important casual factor in the likelihood of divorce as it is commonly associated with other facets of and individuals life such as experience; income; attitudes toward marriage; level of employment andRead MoreGay Marriage And The Civil Rights Of All American People1162 Words   |  5 Pagesembrace the civil rights of all American people and allowing both hetero- and homo-sexual couples to marry, some states have done quite the opposite and banned same sex marriages and unions. Not all Americans feel so strongly about legalizing same sex marriage. Those against same sex marriage believe marriage has been defined as being between a man and a woman. However, that has not always been true, as explained in the beginning of this paper, the ancient people commonly wed the same gender and them andRead MoreHistory, Laws, And Health Impacts On Marriages And Divorce1687 Words   |  7 Pagesfor marriage. On the other hand, there are Sorrell Trope and Daniel Jaffe; both of them are among some of the top divorce lawyers in the country. Sorrell Trope has represented Britney Spears, Nicole Kidman, and Tiger Woods’s wife Elin Nordegren. Daniel Jaffe represented Rupert Murdoch’s wife Anna Murdoch in their 1.7 billion dollar divorce settlement. Marriage and divorce is something that happens all around us. In this paper we will look at the history, laws, and health impacts on marriages andRead MoreGay Marriage: Between Man and Woman or Love and Love? Essay691 Words   |  3 PagesMany individuals’ idea of the conventional marriage was viewed simply to be a sacred union shared between a male and a female. People who oppose gay marriage believe gay marriage legalization has no positive actions on economic issues. To prove others wrong, one example is that gay marriage made an economic impact in New Jersey that raised $248 million dollars in 3 years by creating about 800 new jobs and added $19 million dollars to government funding. (Vespa-Papaleo) â€Å"The Comptroller for New York

Evolutionary Biology vs. Creationism Free Essays

Evolutionary Biology vs. Creationism Evolutionary biology and Creationism are both alike and different in many ways. Evolutionary biology is known as an â€Å"interdisciplinary field†. We will write a custom essay sample on Evolutionary Biology vs. Creationism or any similar topic only for you Order Now That is because it is known to include scientists from a wide range of both field and lab oriented disciplines. Evolutionary biology includes scientist who have special training in mammalogy, ornithology, and herpetology. Creationism only has one creator, which is God. God is the one and only scientist and creator of Creationism. Of course evolution plays a major role in both evolutionary biology and creationism. The common definition used for evolution is, â€Å"evolution is the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next. † One way evolution plays a major role in evolutionary biology is because the many scientists in the fields of evolutionary biology use the organisms from their field to answer general questions of evolution. Evolution plays a major role in creationism because creationism is all about how God created everything such as humanity, the Earth, the sun, and universe. Evolution is how the process of change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms from one generation to the next, and God created everything in creationism, which affected everything from past generations, and still affects change to this generation. In evolution, mutations; which are said to be â€Å"changes to the nucleotide sequence of the genetic material of an organism† can produce new or altered traits in individuals in genes. A gene is usually defined to be a region of DNA that controls a hereditary characteristic. Natural selection is also known to be, â€Å"a process by which heritable traits that are helpful for survival and reproduction while harmful traits become rarer. † Natural selection usually happens when a person with a more advantage with their traits are more likely to reproduce successfully, so more people in the next generation inherit the traits. I personally believe that without Creationism there would be no such thing as evolution. I believe that there would be nothing without creationism, because as said in the definition; â€Å"Creationism is a religious belief that humanity, life, the earth, and the universe were created by God. † If I had to choose between creationism and evolution, I would definitely choose creationism because like I said before; I believe that there would be nothing if god did not create all of the beautiful things he created. How to cite Evolutionary Biology vs. Creationism, Papers

Emotion and Behaviors free essay sample

This project requires that you observe two preschool-age children in the Child and Family Development Center (ground floor of the Alfred Emery Building) and, on the basis of your observations, report on a particular aspect of their development. In the following pages, three options will be presentedyou may focus on either language development, play, or emotional behavior. Thus, the option you select will determine the nature of the observation you conduct, but it is also true that all projects must follow the same guideline. First, you must decide which of the three options you will pursue. Second, you should become familiar with the objectives of your observation (based on the descriptions presented in the following pages as well as any reading from the textbook that would prove useful in this regard). Third, you should begin planning your observation; this should include decisions regarding what you will focus on during your observations (e. g., behaviors, specific features of the physical and social context), what kinds of things you will try to take notes on in the course of your observation, which preschool class you will observe, and when you will plan to conduct your observation to assure that you will leave yourself enough time for a second chance should you fail to gather all of the necessary information on your first observation attempt. Fourth, you should conduct your observation, paying very careful attention to the behaviors and situations that you have (beforehand! ) decided are most importantin all cases, you will have to observe two children for 15 minutes each. Take notes and remember that these notes are all you will have to work from when writing your paper. I also would recommend that you allow yourself approximately 1 hour for your observation. This would allow you at least a few minutes at the beginning of the observation to get a feel for the classroom and the children in it and to identify the two children you will observe; ample time to observe each child for 15 minutes (which may be split into 5 minutes now, 5 minutes in a short while and 5 more minutes at the end of your hour); and even some time to make up for observations that dont result in any useable information. Fifth, you must rely on your notes and the details of the assignment to prepare your paper. In all cases, I am asking that you provide some general, objective information about what you observed in each child, and that you interpret your observations in terms of what youve learned about preschooler development. In addition, the introduction of your paper should provide a brief description of who you observed, when you observed them and what was going on in the preschool classroom during your observation period. Finally, at the end of your paper, briefly comment upon your experience as an observer. For example, How easy or difficult was it? What did you learn? How confident are you in the representativeness of the behaviors you observed for each child? As usual, all papers MUST BE TYPED. You are limited to 3 typewritten pages so think carefully about how best to organize all of the information you wish to present. Papers are due at the beginning of class on Tuesday, April 15. *****The preschool schedule is as follows: There are three different preschool classes (children ages 3-5): one meets Mon/Wed/Fri, 8:30-11:30, one meets Tues/Thur, 8:30-11:30, and one meets Mon thru Fri, 12:30-3:30 pm). In all cases, there should be no problems if you observe (quietly) from the observation booths attached to each classroom, or from outside the playground fence. If you wish to observe from within the classroom, or if you wish to go onto the playground with the children, you will need the permission of the head teacher. Simply tell them about the project, mention the class and instructors name, and there should not be a problem (do this ahead of time! ). Following are descriptions of the three options, each focusing upon a different feature of preschoolers development. In this exercise, you will be concerned with describing and analyzing the childs speech and determining such things as the depth and variety of his/her vocabulary. 1. It is important to look at the childs speech in terms of Piagets concepts of egocentrism and sociocentrism. Egocentric speech is speech that does not take the other person into account; it is speech that, for all practical purposes, is private. There is no real effort to communicate with the other person; therefore, whatever is said is meaningful only to the speaker. Piaget identified three types of egocentric speech: (a) monologue, in which the individual talks only to himself and with no other persons present; (b) repetition, in which the individual repeats words and phrases over and over again as if to practice them or as if he simply enjoyed making the sounds; and (c) collective monologue, in which two or more persons are talking together but none of them is paying attention to what the others are saying. Each conversation is independent of the other conversation. Socialized speech, on the other hand, is public speech. It is intended to communicate with someone and each person takes into account what others are saying and responds accordingly. Q1: 2. Does the child engage in egocentric or socialized speech? What are the circumstances under which these types of speech are used? Vocabulary is the foundation of speech. We communicate by putting individual words together into properly constructed sentences and paragraphs. Presumably, the greater the number of words in our vocabularies, the greater the number and variety of sentences and ideas we can utter and transmit to others. Words have different meanings and serve different purposes. Moreover, words must be placed in the correct position within a sentence; thus, there are rules of grammar and syntax. Q2: What do you observe about the childs vocabulary? In particular, examine the childs speech for words that express relations and oppositions, for example, words such as and, or, not, same, different, more, less, instead, if, then, and because. Also, how varied or rich is the childs vocabulary when he/she talks about the world and the people/things in it? Think in terms of general classes or categories of objects, persons, and events, then assess how many different words the child uses to discuss those categories and/or how many different categories the child uses. B. Observational Objectives To learn about the language production abilities of preschool children, and how children of preschool age use language as a means of social interaction. C. Procedure For this exercise, your purpose is to observe and record the language behaviors of children as they are engaging in social exchanges. Basically, you will need to write about the vocabularies demonstrated, the ways in which children use their language for the specific purpose of communicating with others (either adults or other children), and the degree to which language appears to be influenced by the setting in which it occurs. For this purpose, select two children and observe each of them for 15 minutes during a time when they have opportunity to interact with others in a small group settingfree-choice periods are probably best. (Do not try to observe two children at the same time! ). As you observe, take notes regarding the nature and variety of words used by each child (writing down exactly what the child says would of course be very useful), the childs specific use of language to communicate with others, and the context in which all of this is going on. For each child, your paper should include a brief description of the language used (including information about vocabulary, communication and context) as well as an interpretation of each childs language behavior in terms of what youve learned about development during the preschool years. II. PRESCHOOLERS PLAY A. Background Information Play is considered by some psychologists to be the most important activity in which the young child engages. Indeed, play activities pervade the lives of children from infancy throughout childhood. Some play seems obviously linked to the childs observation of adults; other play seems to stem from the childs fantasies and from experiences that she finds particularly enjoyable. There are a number of explanations of the major purposes of play. These range from play as getting rid of excess energy to play as a means of socioemotional expression. Play can be a group or an individual activity. Play is distinguished from non-play by its special characteristics, the most important of which are its voluntary nature and its complete structuring by the participants, with little regard for outside regulation. When play is governed by consistent rules, we say children are playing games. These rules give play a social dimension. The participants must put their own personal wishes into the background and abide by the requirements of the game and the wishes of the larger group. It is important to note that not everything children do is play, although they will sometimes try to make play out of what adults intend to be serious. Parten (1932) has identified six types of play, which are given in an accompanying list (next page). Remember that play, like all behavior, occurs in a physical and social context. Therefore, include in your report information on the equipment and materials the child was using in his play and who the child was playing with, if appropriate. B. Partens Six Classifications of Play or Social Interactions 1. Unoccupied Behavior: Here the child is not engaging in any obvious play activity or social interaction. Rather, she watches anything that is of interest at the moment. When there is nothing of interest to watch, the child will play with her own body, move around from place to place, follow the teacher, or stay in one spot and look around the room. 2. Onlooker Behavior: Here the child spends most of her time watching other children play. The child may talk to the playing children, may ask questions or give suggestions, but does not enter into play. The child remains within speaking distance so that what goes on can be seen and heard; this indicates a definite interest in a group of children, unlike the unoccupied child, who shows no interest in any particular group of children, but only a shifting interest in what happens to be exciting at the moment. 3. Solitary Play: This is play activity that is conducted independently of what anyone else is doing. The child plays with toys that differ from those used by other children in the immediate area within speaking distance, and she makes no effort to get closer to them or to speak to them. The child is focused entirely on her own activity and is uninfluenced by other children or their activities. 4. Parallel Play: Here the child is playing close to other children but is still independent of them. The child uses toys that are like the toys being used by the others, but he uses them as he sees fit and is neither influenced by nor tries to influence the others. The chid thus plays beside rather than with the other children. 5. Associative Play: Here the child plays with other children. There is a sharing of play material and equipment; the children may follow each other around; there may be attempts to control who may or may not play in a group, although such control efforts are not strongly asserted. The children engage in similar but not necessarily identical activity, and there is no division of labor or organization of activity or individuals. Each child does what he or she essentially wants to do, without putting the interests of the group first. 6. Cooperative or Organized Supplementary Play: The key word in this category is â€Å"organized. The child plays in a group that is established for a particular purpose: making some material product, gaining some competitive goal, playing formal games. There is a sense of â€Å"we-ness,† whereby one definitely belongs or does not belong to the group. There is also some leadership present–one or two members who direct the activity of the others. This therefore requires some division of labor, a taking of different roles by the group members, and the support of one child’s efforts by those of the others. C. Observational Objectives To learn about the distinguishing characteristics of different forms of play, specifically according to Partens classification of play behaviors. D. Procedure Familiarize yourself with Partens classifications of play as described above. Select two children in the preschool and observe each of them for 15 minutes, preferably during a free-choice period when the children are free to move about the room and play with who or what they wish. (Do not attempt to observe both children at the same time! ) As you observe each child, look for examples of each type of play or social interaction as described by Parten. Also, in addition to classifying each childs play behaviors, observe whether there are any patterns to their play. For example, are there particular situations in which a child tends to be an onlooker, but in other situations he/she engages in parallel or cooperative play? As you observe, you should take notes regarding these relevant issues so that you will have something to work from in writing your paper. For each child, your paper should include a brief description of the types of play exhibited (including information about which type(s) are exhibited most frequently) and the social context which characterized each type of play. Additionally, you should provide an interpretation of your observations based on what youve learned about development during the preschool years. III. EMOTION BEHAVIOR A. Background Information Emotions are such a basic part of our psychological beings that we sometimes take them for granted. Some of our emotions are clearly identifiable by us. We know when we are angry, frightened, or joyous. At other times, however, we can have feelings that are not so clear; we may not be able to label what we feel. Whatever the case, emotions are internal experiences that are private and directly accessible only to the individual experiencing them. This being so, we cannot state with certainty what emotion another person is feeling. She must tell us, or we must infer the emotion on the basis of the individuals behavior, facial expressions, and the event that preceded and might have caused the feeling. A childs emotional behaviors become more refined and extensive as she matures. Therefore, a four- or five-year-old will typically be more emotionally expressive than a two-year-old. In this exercise, you will be trying to gain some understanding of the childs emotional behaviors, of the range of her emotions and the kinds of situations that prompt these behaviors. Again, you can only infer what the child is feeling and cannot observe emotions directly. Therefore, be cautious in your interpretations and concentrate on the childs obvious behaviors and the contexts in which they occur. 1. There are several emotions that are commonly found in preschool children: aggression, dependency and fear. Aggressive behavior is frequently defined as behavior that is intended to physically or psychologically hurt another person (or oneself) or to damage or destroy property. An important issue is whether a behavior is intentionally aggressive or simply an accidental occurrence. Further, it is argued by some that in order for a behavior to be termed aggressive, the aggressor must feel anger or hostility toward the victim and must derive satisfaction from hurting the victim. This kind of aggression is called hostile aggression. In contrast to hostile aggression, there can be cases where the aggressor is interested only in getting some object from the victim or achieving some goal. This is called instrumental aggression, and it need not involve anger or hostility. Observe the childs behavior for instances of aggression, either toward  another child or an adult, or towards objects in the environment. Be certain to differentiate between intentional, hostile and instrumental acts of aggression. What kinds of situations or frustrations make the child angry? What behaviors by other people anger the child? How does the child express his/her anger? Dependency consists of such behaviors as clinging or maintaining proximity to adults or other children, seeking approval, recognition, assistance, attention, and reassurance, and striving for affection and support. It is important to recognize that all of us are dependent. The issue is to what degree and under what circumstances we show our dependency. It is also useful to distinguish between two basic types of dependency: a) instrumental dependency, which essentially is the necessary reliance we have on others for certain things that are beyond our capacity to do; and b) emotional dependency, which is a need to be near others and to have their support, affection and reassurance. It can also be the unwillingness or the selfperceived inability to do things for oneself that one can or should be able to do. It is important that, where possible, you distinguish instrumental dependency from emotional dependency behaviors. It is also important to note that as children mature, the characteristics of their dependency behaviors change. Very young children are likely to show clinging and proximity-seeking behaviors, whereas older children, who also have greater cognitive abilities, will likely seek attention and approval. Q3: 3. Fear is demonstrated by such behaviors as crying, withdrawing, seeking help, and avoiding the fear-producing situation. Fear can promote both dependency and aggressive behaviors. Nonetheless, fear can be expressed in such a way that it, and not aggression or dependency, is the primary emotion. Q4: 4. In what situations or activities is the child dependent, and, for example, seeks the presence, direction, or assistance of others? In what situations is the child independent and does not seek direction or assistance from others? What kinds of objects or situations appear to scare the child? In what ways does the child express his/her fears? How does he/she deal with his fears (e. g. , by withdrawing, confronting the fearful situation, seeking help)? In addition to the emotional behaviors just discussed, there are other feelings that children are capable of experiencing and expressing. You should be alert to as many of the childs affective states as possible. For example, there are the feelings of pleasure and displeasure, frustration, boredom and sadness. Like adults, children will differ as to how accurately they can identify and/or express what they feel. Q5: What kinds of things does the child find pleasant? What activities, play materials, stories, games and so on, seem to be particularly attractive to the child? How does the child express that pleasure? Q6: What kinds of things are unpleasant or uncomfortable for the child? In what situations does the child appear to be ill at ease? How does she express her displeasure? Q7: Are all or most of the childs feelings expressed with equal strength, or does their intensity vary with the particular feeling or situation? B. Observational Objectives To learn about the differences in childrens emotional behaviors and the range of emotional responses in preschool children. C. Procedure Select two children, observe and record each childs behavior for a 15-minute period (do not attempt to observe both children at the same time! ). Record behaviors in as much detail as possible (attending to the kinds of things that would help you answer the above questions) and be sure to include descriptions of the physical and social context as they apply to the emotional behaviors observed. IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT YOU OBSERVE CHILDREN DURING THE VERY BEGINNING OF THEIR PRESCHOOL CLASS SO THAT YOU WILL BE ABLE TO SEE THEM AS THEY ARE BEING DROPPED OFF BY THEIR PARENTS AND THEN MAKING THEIR INITIAL ADJUSTMENT TO THEIR PRESCHOOL SETTING. Your paper should include a brief description of each childs behavior (including the different kinds of emotions, the contexts in which they occurred and the relative frequency of each expression) as well as an interpretation or comment on each child using some of the questions and background information provided above. Finally, compare the two children, looking at the range of emotional expression, intensity of expression, and what evokes the emotional responses. In short, summarize how the children differ from each other in this area of functioning.